1、(paras.109-114) Hypothesis Contrary to Fact(paras.115-124) Poisoning the WellSection IV (Paras. 125-154): the ending of the story:backfiring of all the arguments(paras.125-152) The quarrel between the boy and the girl. (climax especially paras. 147-150)(paras.153-154) Modulation (the falling action)
2、,Organizational Pattern,Part 3,Hypothesis Contrary to Fact,Hypothesis contrary to fact: draw any supportable conclusion from a hypothesis that is not true. (事实相反的假设:不合逻辑的推理),If Madame Curie had not happened to leave a photographic plate in a drawer with a chunk of pitchblende ,the world today would
3、not know about radium.,E.g. 1. If I had studied hard, I would definitely have passed the test.2. I taught you logic. So, if I hadnt taught you logic, you never would have learned logic at all.,Poisoning the Well,Poisoning the well: has hamstrung ones opponent. (投毒下井:事先否定对方) or speaking “against the
4、man” rather than the issue , in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, insteadof offering grounds showing why what he says is false.,My opponent is a notorious liar. You cant believe a word that he is going to say.,E.g. 1. Dont listen to him. He is scou
5、ndrel.2. You may argue that God doesnt exist, but you are just following a fad. 3.We should discount what Premier Klein says about taxation because he wont be hurt by the increase.,Dobie Gillis （the narrator）,Polly Espy (the girl),Declaration of love to Polly,Petey Burch,Promised to be his GF,A racc
6、oon coat,Throw good money after Bad 赔了夫人又折兵,Detailed Study of the Text,1. “Sounds yummy,” was Pollys reaction. (Para.110) yummy: (American colloquialism) echoic of a sound made in expressing pleasure at a taste; very tasty; delectable,Sounds fine,2.“Did you see the movie? Oh, it just knocked me out.
7、 That Walter Pidgeon is so dreamy. I mean he fractures me.” (Para.112),excellent, wonderful, delightful,to evoke a strong reaction in someone; to cause to react with enthusiasm,I was excited and filled with pleasure by the movie. That well-known actor Walter Pidgeon is so wonderful and he fascinates
8、 me.,3. One more chance, I decided. But just one more. There is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear. (Para.115),Detailed Study of the Text,Ellipsis and inversion. I decided that Iwould give her one more chance.,There is a limit to what any human being can bear. Implied meaning：if I failed this
9、time, I would give up.,4. “The next fallacy is called Poisoning the Well.” (Para.115),Detailed Study of the Text,Its a Metaphor. The writer compares “the personal attack on a person holding some thesis” to “poisoning the well”.,Detailed Study of the Text,5. I watched her closely as she knit her crea
10、my brow in concentration. Suddenly, a glimmer of intelligencethe first I had seencame into her eyes. (Para.118),to draw the brows together (as when thinking hard)眉头紧锁，精力集中,glimmer: n. a faint unsteady light or a small uncertain sign 微弱的闪光； 微弱的征兆 a glimmer of intelligence 一线智慧,I watched her as she th
11、ought very hard. Suddenly, from her eyes I could see for the first time a small uncertain sign showing she was beginning to understand the problem.,Detailed Study of the Text,6. “Right!” I cried exultantly. “One hundred percent right. Its not fair. The first man has poisoned the well before anybody
12、could drink from it. He has hamstrung his opponent before he could even start. (Para.119),exultant: ad. (fml.or lit.) jubilant 兴高采烈的,hamstring: v. to make (a person or group) ineffective or powerless; cripple,He has made his opponent powerless/disabled his opponent beforehe has the chance to defend
13、himself.,Detailed Study of the Text,7. Heartened by the knowledge that Polly was not altogether a cretin, I began a long, patient review of all I had told her. Over and over and over again I cited instances pointed out flaws, kept hammering away without let-up. (Para.123),v. (often passive) encourag
14、e 使振作，高兴；鼓励,n. (taboo slang) an extremelystupid person,to keep emphasizing or talking about,stopping; relaxing,I was encouraged when I knew that Polly was not a hopeless idiot. So over and over again I gave examples and pointed out the mistakes in her thinking. I kept emphasizing all this without st
15、opping.,Detailed Study of the Text,8. It was like digging a tunnel. At first everything was work, sweat, and darkness. I had no idea when I would reach the light, or even if I would. But I persisted. I pounded and clawed and scraped, and finally I was rewarded. I saw a chink of light. And then the c
16、hink got bigger and the sun came pouring in and all was bright. (Para.123),Simile, comparing his teaching to the hard work of digging a tunnel.,v. scratch, clutch, as with claws (nails) 抓；挠,v. scratch, cut the surface of slightly 刮除,At first it was very hard work (sweating and working in the dark) b
17、ut finally he saw the light at the end of the tunnel and knew hehad succeeded in digging this way through. After a lot of hard work he managed to make Polly think logically. When he went out at the other end of the tunnel he found the sun shining brightly.Everything looked bright and happy.,Detailed
18、 Study of the Text,9. Five grueling nights this took, but it was worth it. I had made a logician out of Polly; (Para.124),I had turned Polly into a logician.,10. She was worthy of me at last. She was a fit wife for me, a proper hostess for my many mansions, a suitable mother for my well-heeled child
19、ren. (Para.124) She was worthy of me at last: This, once again, shows the narrators conceit. Polly was not good enough to be his wife at first.,(American slang) rich, prosperous,Here the narrator describes the role what he think hiswife should play. Can you imagine the image of his wife according th
20、is sentence?,?,Detailed Study of the Text,Here the narrator describes the role, which he thinks, a wife should play. First she should be a proper hostess of a rich man who owns many mansions. In other words she should be good at entertaining his rich friends and clients and thus further his career.
21、Second, she should be a good mother and properly look after his rich and prosperous children.,Angel in the house,Detailed Study of the Text,11. It must not be thought that I was without love for this girl. Quite the contrary. Just as Pygmalion loved the perfect woman he had fashioned, so I loved min
22、e. (Para.125) It must not be thought that I was without love for this girl: double negation.,Quite the contrary, I loved this girl.,Just as Pygmalion lovedso I loved mine: Analogy, comparing my love of Polly to Pygmalions love towards his sculpture work. It also indicates that I regard Polly as my p
23、ossession; I take it for granted that she belongs to me.,（Para 22）He didnt have it exactly, but at least he had first rights on it.,Pygmalion：a king of Cyprus（塞浦路斯）, was a famous sculptor. He made a beautiful ivory statue of a woman and gave it the name of Galatea（加拉泰亚）, and fell in love with it. At
24、 his prayers , Aphroditethe goddess of beauty and love（爱神阿芙洛狄忒 ), gave it life. And Galatea ,now a woman in flesh and blood, became Pygmalion wife. Aphrodite, came to their wedding.,希神比哥马利恩(塞浦路斯国王；热恋自己雕的少女像),Detailed Study of the Text,12. “I beg your pardon,” said I. (Para.130) A polite formula of a
25、pology, disagreement, etc. Here the narrator uses this polite formula to express his surprise and disbelief. He did not know what to make of Pollys answer.,A sense of embarrassment,13. I chuckled with amusement. The dear child had learned her lessons well. “My dear,” I Said, patting her hand in a to
26、lerant manner, “five dates is plenty. After all, you dont have to eat a whole cake to know its good.” (Para.132),This self-conceited and arrogant freshman adopts a very patronizing（傲慢的） attitude towards Polly. This dear little girl has learnt very well what I taught her.,His patronizing not only in
27、speech and tone but also in action. He patted herhand in such a way as to show that he was trying to put up with something he did not especially like.,Detailed Study of the Text,14. “Polly, I love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space. P
28、lease, my darling, say that you will go steady with me, for if you will not, life will be meaningless. I will languish. I will refuse my meals. I will wander the face of the earth, a shambling, hollow-eyed hulk.” (Para.135),n. a group of fixed stars often having a name,v. to walk awkwardly, dragging
29、 the feet,n. a heavy, awkward person 笨重的东西/人；庞然大物,波利，我爱你。你是我的整个世界，我的月亮，我的星星， 我的宇宙。亲爱的，请说你要和我坚守在一起吧！不然， 我的生活将会失去意义；我将会萎靡不振，茶不思，饭不想； 我将成为到处游荡，步履蹒跚，无精打采的躯壳。,15. There, I thought, folding my arms, that ought to do it. (Para.136) This direct declaration of love should move Polly to accept my love.,Detail
30、ed Study of the Text,16. I ground my teeth. I was not Pygmalion; I was Frankenstein, and my monster had me by the throat. (Para.138) I ground my teeth: an action, showing extreme exasperation, but still trying hard to control his rising temper.,had sb. by the throat: attack by seizing and squeezing
31、ones throat,I was not Pygmalionby the throat: These two allusions are well chosen. He planned to be Pygmalion, to fashion an ideal wife for himself; but he became Frankenstein for Polly (his student) ultimately rejected him (her teacher).,Frankenstein：the title character in a novel by Shelley.,主人公弗兰
32、肯斯坦是一位从事人的生命科学研究的学者，他力图 用人工创造出生命。在他的实验室里，通过无数次的探索，他创 造了一个面目可憎，奇丑无比的怪物。开始时，这人造的怪物秉 性善良，对人充满了善意和感恩之情。他要求他的创造者和人们 给予他人生的种种权利，甚至要求为他创造一个配偶,被主人公拒 绝了。但是，当他处处受到他的创造者和人们的嫌恶和岐视时， 他感到非常痛苦。他憎恨一切，他想毁灭一切。他杀害了弗兰肯 斯坦的弟弟威廉，他又企图谋害弗兰肯斯坦的未婚妻伊丽莎白。 弗兰肯斯坦怀着满腔怒火追捕他所创造的恶魔般的怪物。最后， 在搏斗中，弗兰肯斯坦和怪物同归于尽。 本书揭示了作者的哲学观点。她认为人具有双重性格善
33、 与恶。长期受人嫌恶、岐视和迫害会使人变得邪恶而干出种种坏 事，甚至发展到不可收拾的地步。,P-78,Now the word often refers to an agency or a creates that slips from the controlof and ultimately destroys its creator.,新的单词Frankenstein：一个最终毁了它的创造者的东西。,Detailed Study of the Text,17. Frantically I fought back the tide of panic surging through me. At
34、 all costs I had to keep cool. (Para.138),Desperately I tried to stop the feeling of panic that was overwhelming me. I tried, by every means possible, to keep calm.,18. I dashed perspiration from my brow. “Polly,” I croaked, “you mustnt take all these things so literally. I mean this is just classro
35、om stuff. You know that the things you learn in school dont have anything to do with life.” (Para.145),exasperation,desperation,He is making a last attempt to win Pollys love. “Polly, you mustnt take all the logical fallacies I taught you seriously as real facts.,Detailed Study of the Text,Why does
36、the narrator argue that “the things you learn in school dont have anything to do with life”? Do you agree?,?,A final desperate attempt to make Polly forget the fallacies he taught her. He might yet be able to convince Polly that he loves her and that she should go steady with him. You know that the
37、(foolish and worthless) things you learn in school have no real use in life.,Detailed Study of the Text,19.That did it. I leaped to my feet, bellowing like a bull. “Will you or will you not go steady with me?” (Para.147) “That” refers to what has gone before and “it” refers to the result or conseque
38、nce brought about by “that”.In the context, “that” refers to Pollys last answer and “it” to his loss of temper, “bellowing like a bull.”,That was the final straw. That made me lose my patience.,Simile, comparing his angry shouts to the bellowing of a bull. I got so angry that I jumped to my feet and
39、 shouted.,20. I reeled back, overcome with the infamy of it. (Para.151),I staggered back, overcome by the great wickedness of Peteystraitorous act.,21. After he promised, after he made a deal, after he shook my hand! “The rat! I shrieked, kicking up great chunks of turf . “You cant go with him, Poll
40、y. Hes a liar. Hes a cheat. Hes a rat.” (Para.151) shook my hand: The shaking of hands concludes or seals a bargain. It is the final act to show that the deal is made. After he made my hand: Ellipsis. He did his traitorous act after he promised.,Detailed Study of the Text,metaphor, comparing Petey t
41、o a rat. “Rat” (American slang) is used for describing a sneaky, contemptible person who deserts or betrays a cause or a friend.,The parallel sentences show the narratorsrage over Peteys betrayal.,Detailed Study of the Text,22. Look at mea brilliant student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an
42、assured future. Look at Peteya knot-head, a jitterbug, a guy wholl never know where his next meal is coming from. (Para.153),a safe and secure future,an incompetent or stupid person.,referring to an emotionallyunstable person,Antithesis. “Brilliant, intellectual and assured” are balanced against “kn
43、ot-headed, jitterbug and never know where his next meal is coming from”.,The Ending, “Can you give me one logical reason why you should go steady with Petey Burch?” “I certainly can,” declared Polly. “Hes got a raccoon coat.”,It shows that the boys assumption of what his teaching might beleading to
44、his success in his love affair is wrong.,The denouement（结局） follows rapidly and ends on a very ironic tone. The raccoon coat which he gave to Petey Burch for the privilege of dating his girl, the raccoon coat which the narrator disliked andabhorred, was the instrument of his undoing. Polly Espy prom
45、isedto go steady with Petey Burch because he owned a raccoon coat, a coat that all fashionable people on campus were wearing.,To the end of the story, we readers feel the narrator has got what he deserved. He has been too clever for his own good.,The Ending,O Henry,Exceeding ones expectations, and a
46、re in reason,The similarity of writing style between O Henry and Max Shulman based on this text.,similarity,The main theme of the story, however, is stated by the writer in the title of the story: “Love is a fallacy”,The Ending,The Theme,conclusion,?,2. whats your understanding to love?,Having learn
47、ed this text,1. Do you think the narrator really love Polly?,The Nightingale and the Rose: the boy,3.一花一世界，一沙一天国。君掌盛无边，刹那含永劫,To see a world in a grain of sand, and a heaven in a wild flower hold infinity in the palm of your hand and eternity in an hour.,1.对于这个世界而言，你只是某个人：但对于某个人而言，你就是全世界,To the world you may be one person, but to the person you may be the world,2.我爱你，不是因为你是怎样的人，而是因为我喜欢与你在一起时的感觉,I love you, not because what youre, but like the feel when I with you.,The end Thank you all,
