1、1、 Communication technologies are far from equivalent. A recent study comparing honesty across a range of different media revealed that people were twice likely to tell lies when using the phone than when communicating via e-mail. It had previously been assumed that people would be more inclined to
2、fabricate the truth when using e-mail, due to the remoteness of the interaction making people more comfortable about deceiving others. On the contrary, it seems that anxiety over the accountability afforded by the recording of e-mail exchanges induces greater truthfulness. However, the research also
3、 noted that people are much more likely to be rude or insulting over e-mail, outweighing any benefits of increased honesty! An implication of the study is that if telephone conversations are recorded and people are aware of this fact, they are likely to be more truthful over the phone. （T）People are
4、 unconcerned about the repercussion of e;mail untruths.（F）It had been assumed that people would communicate more honestly when using e;mail than when using the telephone. （F）2、 There is often considerable scientific disagreement both about available reserves of natural resources and about the extent
5、 of environmental damage caused by particular pollutants. Even where the scientific evidence is incontrovertible. There may be political conflict, based on different vested interests, over the degree to which particular environmental controls should be accepted. Governments may, for example, refrain
6、 from introducing effective control if they fear these will adversely affect company profitability or jobs, even where the environmental cost of not introducing controls are considerable. 自然资源的可用储量和特定污染物造成的环境损害程度，往往存在相当大的科学性意见。 有许多科学，即使在科学证据是确凿无疑的。可能有政治冲突，根据不同的既得利益，在一定程度上，特别是环境控制上应该被接受的问题。 政府可能不采取有效
7、的控制，例如，如果他们担心这些会带来不利影响公司的盈利能力或工作，即使不引入控制的环境成本是相当大的。There is always scientific debate around the facts regarding the reserves of natural resources. （T） Very rarely is there conflict over the degree to which particular environmental controls should be accepted. （F） Parties with a vested interest are m
8、ore influenced by politics than science when deciding whether to implement environmental controls. （C）3、Whilst high visibility crime such as night-time drunken disturbance has increased, total urban and rural crime, both reported and unreported, has fallen over the last two years, yet people feel le
9、ss safe, believing that the converse is the case. This fall in crime has coincided with a drop in the number of police officer on the street. A citizens fear of seems not to be a matter of reality at all; the visibility of law enforcement officials has a greater impact on their view of reality than
10、hard facts. 同时 高度引人注目的犯罪，比如夜间醉酒滋事比率上升，市区和乡镇地区，已报道和未报道的总犯罪率在过去两年内都已经下降，但人们依然感觉不安全，觉得犯罪率不降反升。犯罪率的下降恰好遇上了街道上警察数量的削减。市民的担心看来没有必要；法律的执行力和透明度对大家的观点产生的影响要比事实更重要。削减警察的数量导致犯罪率下降Reducing the number of police officer has led to a reduction in crime.（C ） Crime statistics support popular belief about the level o
11、f crime. （F）犯罪统计为犯罪程度的普遍观点提供支撑数据People feel safer when there are more police on the street. （C） 4、There is no task more difficult than that of ensuring the education of children in modern . Not only school, but also teachers and their roles have changed out of all recognition in the past few decades
12、, thanks to the impact on teaching institutions by indoctrinating, and indoctrinated, reformist intellectuals bearing revolutionary ideas. To the perpetual indiscipline of youth has now been added the indiscipline of parents, many of whom interpret any reports of wrongdoing in school on the part of
13、their offspring as a personal affront, or as the manifestation of the malice of teachers. As for the teachers themselves, whilst many are respectable and learned men and women, who view it as their vocation to induct their charges into a civilization and a way of behaving, others attempt to influenc
14、e youth merely to further their political or ideological ends. 在现代社会，没有什么任务比保证孩子的教育更困难的了。这不仅是学校，连老师的角色也已经在过去几十年内发生了认知上的巨大变化。 由于在师范学院被灌输的观点所影响，改良派知识分子接受了很多变革性的理念。青少年的无纪律性现在转移到了父母的无纪律性身上，很多父母都认为老师所反映的他们孩子的过失行为是对家长的一种羞辱，或者认为是老师心怀恶意的表现。对很多受人尊敬而且博学多识的男女教师本身而言，他们觉得引导学生端正行为，言传身教是很轻松的事情，但是另外一些人却试图对学生施加影响以达到
15、他们的政治和理想主义目的。一些教育系统的工作有自己的不成文的规则改革派教师会试图对学生施加影响以达到他们自己的政治目的一些报告学生行为不端的老师这样做是出于恶意而不是正当理由。Some of those working in education have their own hidden agendas. （T） Teacher with revolutionary ideas will attempt to influence their pupils for their own political ends. （C）Some teachers who report children of
16、wrongdoing do so because of malice, rather than nay legitimate reason. （C）5、 Last week, the competition commission outlined two packages to regulate the sale of extended product warranties, which provide repair/replacement for faulty goods beyond the manufacturers original guarantee. Whilst warranty
17、 sales are currently highly profitable, with some retailers attributing up to . of their profits to this income stream, they are also criticized for offering poor value for money due to obscure clauses, which restrict payment in many, but the most unlikely claim scenarios. The first package-to ban r
18、etailers selling a full warranty on the day of purchase was condemned by all as draconian-whilst the other, rather milder, option of forcing retailers to provide full information on warranty exclusions and an obligatory 60day “cool-off” period for customers, received a more balanced hearing. Because
19、 no one believes that the first option will ever be implemented, investors and analysts have focused more closely on the implication of the “milder” package. In a recent leaked research note, one analyst suggested that the implementation of the reform in the second package would place a staff-traini
20、ng burden on the retailer, which would lead to a significant increase in the cost of warranty sales, and a predicted 20% fall in actual sales. “Cool-off” periods are not currently offered by companies selling product warranties. （C） It is likely that neither package will be implemented. （C ）Preventi
21、ng retailers from selling warranties on the day of purchase of a product was felt to be too severe a restriction.（ T） 6 、All scientific knowledge is provisional. Everything that science knows, even the most mundane facts and long-established theories, is subject to re-examination as new information
22、comes in. the latest data and ideas are scrutinized the most. Some recantations will be unavoidable, but this is not a weakness of science, but rather its strength. No endeavor rivals science in its incremental progress towards a more complete understanding of the observable universe. 所有的科学知识都具有暂时性。
23、科学所了解的任何东西，即使是常识和建立很久的理论都会在有新信息后再检验。最新的资料和想法会受到最细致的检验。一些论调的改变是不可避免的，但这并不是科学的缺点，而是长处。在科学中有一个与其竞争的对手有助于对客观宇宙更好的理解。科学在挑战那些看上去成立的理论的基础上增进认知。( 错误)即使有成就的话一些科学常识也不能被改变。(错误)不能被观察到的的事物不能够成为科学领域的一部分。(正确)Science improves understanding on the basis of leaving unchallenged those theories that appear to work.（ F）
24、 Some facts in science cannot be challenged if any progress is to be made. （F） That which is not observable cannot be part of the domain of science. （C） 7、The Statute on workplace safety requires that an employer should ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at w
25、ork of all full and part time employees, and also those not in direct employment who may be affected by acts or omissions at work. However, it is also the duty of employees to take reasonable care for their own health and safety and also that of other persons who may be affected by their acts or omi
26、ssions at work, for example by complying with all notices on health and safety that are posted. 工作场合的安全条例要求雇主应该采取合理可行地措施以确保所有全职和兼职雇员的健康，安全和福利，也包括那些不直接受雇于雇主但可能被相关工作影响到的人。但是，上述员工，含不直接受雇于公司的员工，也有义务为自身的安全和健康采取必要措施，例如遵守张贴出来的安全和健康告示。如果工作场合中的来访者因为员工的疏忽而受伤，那么该员工可能负全责雇主有责任保证其工厂参观者的安全员工对工作场合的健康和安全不用负责任。If a w
27、orkplace visitor is hurt due to an act of negligence by an employee then the employee may be held solely responsible. （F） An employer has responsibility for the safety of visitors to his factory. （T） Employees have negligible responsibility for workplace health and safety. （F）8、Todays historians aim
28、 to construct a record of human activities and to use this record to achieve a more profound understanding of humanity. This conception of their task is quite recent, dating from the development from 18th and early 19th centuries of scientific history, and cultivated largely by professional historia
29、ns who adopted the assumption that the study of natural, inevitable human activity. Before the late 18th century, history was taught in virtually no schools, and it did not attempt to provide an interpretation of human life as a whole. This is more appropriately the function of religion, of philosop
30、hy, or even perhaps of poetry. 现今的历史学家旨在通过构造出一个人类活动的记录并使用这个记录来获得对于人类更深刻的理解。他们这个任务的设想是近代才有的，可以追溯到18世纪和19 世纪初科学历史的发展，并在很大程度上是被那些接受对天生的，不可避免的人类活动的研究假设的职业历史学家们培养出来的。在18世纪末期之前，几乎没有哪所学校教历史，而历史总的来说也并未试图对人类生活做出解释。它更恰当的功能同宗教，哲学，甚至可能是诗歌的功能较为相近。That which constitutes the study of history has changed over time.
31、 （C ） Professional historians did not exist before 18th century.（C ） In the 17th century, history would not have been thought of as a way of understanding humanity. （T）9 、Whilst having similar effects on employees, there tend to be major difference between a merger and an acquisition. In an acquisit
32、ion, power is substantially assumed by the new parent company. Change is often swift and brutal as the acquirer imposes its own control systems and financial restraints. Parties to a merger are likely to be evenly matched in terms of size, and the power and cultural dynamics of the combination are m
33、ore ambiguous, integration is a more drawn out process. During an acquisition, there is often more overt conflict and resistance and a sense of powerlessness. In mergers, because of the prolonged period between the initial announcement and full integration, uncertainty and anxiety continue for a muc
34、h longer time as the organization remains in a state of limbo. 合并和收购有着较大的差异，但是对员工都有着相似的影响。对于收购来说，公司的权利基本上在总公司手里掌控着。当收购者在被收购公司强行推行他的管理模式和实施金融约束，被收购公司通常会发生迅速而残忍的改变。合并的公司在规模或事能力上可能都是相当的，所以企业在合并过程中文化的动态会显得比较模糊。企业内部的整合会花费较长的时间。在收购的过程中，经常会出现较明显的争端和阻力，以及无力的感觉。在合并的过程中，由于最初的声明到最终的整合需要很长的时间，在企业处于不安定状态时，员工的不确定
35、性心理和焦虑感也会持续较长的时间。There tends to be a major power difference between parties in an acquisition. （T ）Mergers and acquisition tend to have distinctly different impacts on employees. （C） Mergers yield a shorter period of anxiety and uncertainty amongst employees.（F） 10、 Management is, in effect, the cat
36、alyst that is essential for converting the resources and raw material inputs of the operation into valued outputs and, in the process, ensuring that stakeholder needs are satisfied. Managers represent the critical factor, which economists refer to as “enterprise”, without which the other factors (la
37、nd, labor and capital) cannot function. Managers are effectively the custodians of the organizations resource, responsible for deciding what the resources should be used for, how best to use them, and to which customers the outputs should be targeted. 实际上，管理是企业加工过程必不可少的催化剂，它将运作的资源及原料投入，再为企业产出价值，并满足利
38、益相关者的需求。管理者，也就是经济学家所说的“企业家” ，则是关键因素, 没有他，其他因素（土地，劳力，资金 )就无法运作。管理者是集体资源的有效管理员，负责资源的使用方向，使用效率，以及产出价值要针对的目标客户。通过创造产出价值，利益相关者的需求得到了最大程度的满足。 （错误）管理担负着至少两种不同的责任。 （正确）管理者必须能决定资源的最大使用效率。 （正确）Stakeholder needs are best served through the creation of valued outputs. (C) Management has at least two major but d
39、ifferent responsibilities.（T） Managers must decide how best to handle all the resources at their disposal. （T） 11 、There is no doubt that vegetarian food can be healthier than a traditional diet indeed, research has demonstrated that vegetarians are less likely to suffer from heart disease and obesi
40、ty than those who eat meat. One long-standing concern about a vegetarian lifestyle is the risk of failing to take in enough protein. However, historical calculations as to the amount of protein needed for a healthy lifestyle have recently been shown to overestimate the quantities needed, and if vege
41、tarian select their food carefully they should be able to meet their protein needs. 毫无疑问，素食比传统的饮食更加健康研究的确证明了素食主义者罹患心脏疾病和肥胖的可能性比那些食肉的人要小。一个存在已久的担忧是，素食主义的生活方式存在无法摄入足够多的蛋白质的风险。然而基于历史事实，对健康生活方式所需的蛋白质量进行的计算，近期表明高估了需求量，而且，如果素食主义者认真选择食物，他们的蛋白质需求应该可以满足。均衡的饮食更可能是为了加强健康，而非某些食物或被孤立的食物结构。 （C）饮食中太多的蛋白质会导致心脏疾病。 （
42、C ）随着时间的推移，对组成健康均衡饮食的食物建议以及发生了变化。 （C ）A balanced diet is more likely to promote health than any particular food or food group in isolation. （C） Too much protein in the diet can lead to heart disease. （C） Over time the recommendations as to what constitutes a healthy balanced diet have changed. （C） 1
43、2 、Water, the most common liquid used for cleaning, has a property called surface tension. Molecules in the body of the water are surrounded by other molecules, but at the surface a “tension” is created as molecules are only surrounded by other molecules on the waterside. This tension inhibits the c
44、leaning process, as it slows the wetting of surface due to tension causing the water to bead up. This is where water droplets hold their shape and do not spread. For effective cleaning to take place “surface tension” must be reduced so that water can spread. Surface active agents, or surfactants, ar
45、e chemicals, which are able to do this effectively. 水是最常见的清洗用液体，具备一种叫表面张力的属性。水体里的分子被其它分子包围。由于水中的分子周围只有分子，在水体表面表产生了一种张力。由于张力会导致水珠的产生，这种张力会减缓表面浸湿的速度，进而抑制清洁过程。这就是为什么水珠会保持形状而不扩散开。为了有效清洗物品，必须减弱表面张力，让水可以散开。表面活性介质，也称表面活性剂，就是起这个作用的化学物质。表面活性介质或表面活性剂只用于清洁。（C）水是唯一已知的清洁用液体。 （F）为了清洁表面，把表面活性化学物质添加到水中后，就产生了表面张力。 （
46、F）水分子阻碍清洁过程。 （T）Surface-active agents, or surfactants, are only used for cleaning. （C） Water is the only known liquid used for cleaning.（F） If surfactant chemicals are added to water when cleaning a surface, surface tension will occur. （F） The molecules on the waterside hinder the cleaning process.
47、（F） 13 、The biggest risk facing the worlds insurance companies is possibly the rapid change now taking place within their own ranks. Sluggish growth in core markets and intense price competition, coupled with shifting patterns of customer demand and the rising cost of losses, are threatening to over
48、whelm those too slow to react. 全球保险公司面对的最大风险可能是他们行业内部排名正在发生的迅速变化。核心市场业务增长缓慢、价格竞争激烈、加上顾客需求模式不断变化，以及亏损成本的增加，均对那些反应缓慢的公司构成威胁。Insurance companies are experiencing a boom in their core markets. （F） Insurance companies are competing to provide best prices to customers. （C） Insurance companies are coping w
49、ell with increased price competition and rising losses.（F ） 14 、Short-sightedness is to a large extent inherited, its incidence varies from one family to another. The reason behind the link between the common incidence of short-sightedness and high intelligence is unclear. Previous generations thought that eyes could become strained by years spent poring over books, but a few decades ago the popular medical view was that Short-sighted people gravitated towards the library because they found it hard to excel at sports. Recently there has been partial support for a theory that high
