1、Presentations Criteria,Content- clear in contentcoherent in organization creative in designing Speech- well-prepared, fluent, clear, talk instead of reading aloud Form- power point slides with pictures, audio or video Interaction,How to Make a Presentation,What is a presentation?,A presentation is a
2、 formal talk to one or more people that “presents“ ideas or information in a clear, structured way.,Introduction,All presentations have a common objective. People give presentations because they want to communicate in order to:,inform train persuade sell,We will now begin by exploring the importance
3、 of preparation for all presentation,Preparation,Can you name the 3 most important things when giving any presentation?,Number 1 is,Preparation,Number 2 is,Preparation!,Number 3 is,Preparation!,Preparation is everything!,With good preparation and planning you will be totally confident and less nervo
4、us. And your audience will feel your confidence. Your audience, too, will be confident. They will be confident in you. And this will give you control. Control of your audience and of your presentation. With control, you will be in charge and your audience will listen positively to your message.,Obje
5、ctive,Your objective should be clear in your mind. If it is not clear in your mind, it cannot possibly be clear to your audience.,Audience,“Who am I making this presentation to?“ How much do they know already and what will they expect from you?,Venue,“Where am I making this presentation?” What facil
6、ities and equipment are available? What are the seating arrangements?,Time and length,“When am I making this presentation and how long will it be?”,Method,How should I make this presentation?“ What approach should you use? Formal or informal? Lots of visual aids or only a few? Will you include some
7、anecdotes and humour for variety?,Content,“What should I say?“ Now you must decide exactly what you want to say. First, you should brainstorm your ideas. But you must be selective. You should include only information that is relevant to your audience and your objective. You should exclude all other
8、ideas.,You also need to create a title for your presentation .The title will help you to focus on the subject. And you will prepare your visual aids, if you have decided to use them. But remember, in general, less is better than more (a little is better than a lot). You can always give additional in
9、formation during the questions after the presentation.,Structure,A well organized presentation with a clear structure is easier for the audience to follow. It is therefore more effective. You should organize the points you wish to make in a logical order. Most presentations are organized in three pa
10、rts, followed by questions:,Notes,When you give your presentation, you should be - or appear to be - as spontaneous as possible. You should not read your presentation! Reading a text is boring! Reading a text will make your audience go to sleep! So if you dont have a text to read, how can you rememb
11、er to say everything you need to say?,With notes. You can create your own system of notes. Some people make notes on small, A6 cards. Some people write down just the title of each section of their talk. Some people write down keywords to remind them. The notes will give you confidence, but because y
12、ou will have prepared your presentation fully, you may not even need them!,Rehearsal,Rehearsal is a vital part of preparation. You should leave time to practice your presentation two or three times. This will have the following benefits:,you will become more familiar with what you want to say you wi
13、ll identify weaknesses in your presentation you will be able to practise difficult pronunciations you will be able to check the time that your presentation takes and make any necessary modifications,So prepare, prepare, prepare! Prepare everything: words, visual aids, timing, equipment. Rehearse you
14、r presentation several times and time it. - Is it the right length? - Are you completely familiar with all your illustrations? - Are they in the right order? - Do you know who the audience is? - How many people? - How will you answer difficult questions?- Do you know the room? - Are you confident ab
15、out the equipment?,When you have answered all these questions, you will be a confident, enthusiastic presenter ready to communicate the subject of your presentation to an eager audience.,Well, weve told you about the importance of preparation. Lets turn now to the various types of equipment used whe
16、n making presentations.,The overhead projector (OHP) displays overhead transparencies (OHTs or OHPTs). It has several advantages over the 35mm slide projector: it can be used in daylight the user can face the audience the user can write or draw directly on the transparency while in use,The whiteboar
17、d (more rarely blackboard or greenboard) is a useful device for spontaneous writing - as in brainstorming, for example. For prepared material, the OHP might be more suitable,The duster is used for cleaning the whiteboard. It is essential that the duster be clean to start with. You may consider carry
18、ing your own duster just in case.,Markers are used for writing on the whiteboard (delible - you can remove the ink) or flipchart (indelible - you cannot remove the ink). They are usually available in blue, red, black and green. Again, its a good idea to carry a spare set of markers in case you are g
19、iven some used ones which do not write well.,The notebook computer is increasingly being used to display graphics during presentations. It is often used in conjunction with an overhead projector, which actually projects the image from the computer screen onto the wall screen.,Handouts are any docume
20、nts or samples that you hand out or distribute to your audience. Note that it is not usually a good idea to distribute handouts before your presentation. The audience will read the handouts instead of listening to you.,So much for equipment. Now we can consider the various techniques for delivering
21、a presentation in English.,Delivery,Delivery refers to the way in which you actually deliver or perform or give your presentation. Delivery is a vital aspect of all presentations. Delivery is at least as important as content, especially in a multi-cultural context.,Nerves,Most speakers are a little
22、nervous at the beginning of a presentation. So it is normal if you are nervous. The answer is to pay special attention to the beginning of your presentation. First impressions count. This is the time when you establish a rapport(友善) with your audience. During this time, try to speak slowly and calml
23、y. You should perhaps learn your introduction by heart. After a few moments, you will relax and gain confidence.,Audience Rapport,You need to build a warm and friendly relationship with your audience. Enthusiasm is contagious. If you are enthusiastic your audience will be enthusiastic too. And be ca
24、reful to establish eye contact with each member of your audience. Each person should feel that you are speaking directly to him or her. This means that you must look at each person in turn - in as natural a way as possible.,This will also give you the opportunity to detect signs of boredom, disinter
25、est or even disagreement, allowing you to modify your presentation as appropriate.,Body Language,What you do not say is at least as important as what you do say. Your body is speaking to your audience even before you open your mouth. Generally speaking, it is better to stand rather than sit when mak
26、ing a presentation. Be aware of and avoid any repetitive and irritating gestures.,Voice quality,It is, of course, important that your audience be able to hear you clearly throughout your presentation. In general, you should try to vary your voice. Your voice will then be more interesting for your au
27、dience. You can vary your voice in at least three ways:,speed: you can speak at normal speed, you can speak faster, you can speak more slowly - and you can stop completely! You can pause. This is a very good technique for gaining your audiences attention. intonation: you can change the pitch of your
28、 voice. You can speak in a high tone. You can speak in a low tone. volume: you can speak at normal volume, you can speak loudly and you can speak quietly. Lowering your voice and speaking quietly can again attract your audiences interest.,The important point is not to speak in the same, flat, monoto
29、nous voice throughout your presentation - this is the voice that hypnotists(催眠士) use to put their patients into trance(迷睡)!,Visual aids,Of all the information that enters our brains, the vast majority of it enters through the eyes. 80% of what your audience learn during your presentation is learned
30、visually (what they see) and only 20% is learned aurally (what they hear). The significance of this is obvious:,visual aids are an extremely effective means of communication non-native English speakers need not worry so much about spoken English - they can rely more heavily on visual aids,It is well
31、 worth spending time in the creation of good visual aids. But it is equally important not to overload your audiences brains. Keep the information on each visual aid to a minimum - and give your audience time to look at and absorb this information. Remember, your audience have never seen these visual
32、 aids before. They need time to study and to understand them. Without understanding there is no communication.,Apart from photographs and drawings, some of the most useful visual aids are charts and graphs, like the 3-dimensional ones shown here:,Piecharts are circular in shape (like a pie). Barchar
33、ts can be vertical (as here) or horizontal. Graphs can rise and fall.,Weve looked at delivery. Now well move on to the language of presentations in English.,Language,Say what you are going to say,Simplicity and Clarity,If you want your audience to understand your message, your language must be simpl
34、e and clear. Use short words and short sentences. Do not use jargon(行话), unless you are certain that your audience understands it. In general, talk about concrete facts rather than abstract ideas.,Signposting,During your introduction, you should tell your audience what the structure of your presenta
35、tion will be. You might say something like this: “Ill start by describing the current position in Europe. Then Ill move on to some of the achievements weve made in Asia. After that Ill consider the opportunities we see for further expansion in Africa. Lastly, Ill quickly recap(扼要重述)before concluding
36、 with some recommendations.“,A member of the audience can now visualize your presentation like this:,He will keep this image in his head during the presentation. He may even write it down. And throughout your presentation, you will put up signposts telling him which point you have reached and where
37、you are going now. When you finish Europe and want to start Asia, you might say:“Thats all I have to say about Europe. Lets turn now to Asia.“,When you have finished Africa and want to sum up, you might say:“Well, weve looked at the three continents Europe, Asia and Africa. Id like to sum up now.“ And when you finish summing up and want to give your recommendations, you might say:“What does all this mean for us? Well, firstly I recommend.“,The table below lists useful expressions that you can use to signpost the various parts of your presentation.,