1、1 / 102011年硕士研究生入学考试考研英语真题Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But _1_some claim
2、s to the contrary， laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does _2_short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels， _3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to _4_， a good laugh is unlikely to have _5_ benefits the
3、 way， say， walking or jogging does. _6_， instead of straining muscles to build them， as exercise does， laughter apparently accomplishes the _7_， studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter_8_ muscles， decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down. Such bodily reac
4、tion might conceivably help _9_the effects of psychological stress. Anyway， the act of laughing probably does produce other types of _10_ feedback， that improve an individuals emotional state. _11_one classical theory of emotion， our feelings are partially rooted _12_ physical reactions. It was argu
5、ed at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry _13_they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also _14_ tears， evidence suggests that emotions can flow _15_ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988，social psychologist Fritz Strack of the U
6、niversity of wrzburg in Germany asked volunteers to _16_ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile or with their lips， which would produce a（n） _17_ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a
7、frown， _19_ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around _20_ ， the physical act of laughter could improve mood. 1.Aamong Bexcept Cdespite Dlike 2.Areflect Bdemand Cindicate Dproduce 3.Astabilizing Bboosting Cimpairing Ddetermining 4.Atransmit Bsustain Cevaluate Dobs
8、erve 5.Ameasurable Bmanageable Caffordable Drenewable 6.AIn turn BIn fact CIn addition DIn brief 7.Aopposite Bimpossible Caverage Dexpected 8.Ahardens Bweakens Ctightens Drelaxes 9.Aaggravate Bgenerate Cmoderate Denhance 10.Aphysical Bmental Csubconscious Dinternal 11.AExcept for BAccording to CDue
9、to DAs for 12.Awith Bon Cin Dat 13.Aunless Buntil Cif Dbecause 2 / 1014.Aexhausts Bfollows Cprecedes Dsuppresses 15.Ainto Bfrom Ctowards Dbeyond 16.Afetch Bbite Cpick Dhold 17.Adisappointed Bexcited Cjoyful Dindifferent 18.Aadapted Bcatered Cturned Dreacted 19.Asuggesting Brequiring Cmentioning Dsup
10、posing 20.AEventually BConsequently CSimilarly DConversely Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions： Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （ 40 points）Text 1 The decision of the New York Philharmon
11、ic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part， the response has been favorable， to say the least. “Hooray！ At last！” wrote Anthony Tommasini， a sober-sided classical-m
12、usic critic. One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise， however， is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini， who had advocated Gilberts appointment in the Times， calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a desc
13、ription of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez， that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. For my part， I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be su
14、re， he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions， but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall， or anywhere else， to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf， or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. D
15、evoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time， attention， and money of the art-loving public， classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses， dance troupes， theater companies， and museums， but also with th
16、e recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap， available everywhere， and very often much higher in artistic quality than todays live performances； moreover， they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listeners choosing. The widespread
17、 availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilberts own interest in new music has been widely noted： A
18、lex Ross， a classical-music critic， has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different， more vibrant 3 / 10organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference？ Merely expanding the orchestras repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Ph
19、ilharmonic are to succeed， they must first change the relationship between Americas oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract. 21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilberts appointment has Aincurred criticism. Braised suspicion. Creceived acclaim. Daroused curiosity. 22. Tommasini regards Gi
20、lbert as an artist who is Ainfluential. Bmodest. Crespectable. Dtalented. 23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers Aignore the expenses of live performances. Breject most kinds of recorded performances. Cexaggerate the variety of live performances. Doverestimate the value of live perfor
21、mances. 24. According to the text， which of the following is true of recordings？ AThey are often inferior to live concerts in quality. BThey are easily accessible to the general public. CThey help improve the quality of music. DThey have only covered masterpieces. 25. Regarding Gilberts role in revi
22、talizing the Philharmonic， the author feels Adoubtful. Benthusiastic. Cconfident. Dpuzzled. Text 2 When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August， his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses， he came right out and said he
23、 was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision，” McGee says. Within two weeks， he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group， which named him CEO and chairman on September 29. McGee says leaving with
24、out a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isnt alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking
25、for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure， executives who dont get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent 4 / 10business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. As the first signs of
26、 recovery begin to take hold， deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter， CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had， according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up， opportunities will abound for asp
27、iring leaders. The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey：“I cant think of a sin
28、gle search Ive done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.” Those who jumped without a job havent always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age， saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny In
29、ternet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later. Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to
30、 be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was its safer to stay where you are， but thats been fundamentally inverted，” says one headhunter. “The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long.” 26. When McGee announced his departure， his manner can best be descr
31、ibed as being Aarrogant. Bfrank. Cself-centered. Dimpulsive. 27. According to Paragraph 2， senior executives quitting may be spurred by Atheir expectation of better financial status. Btheir need to reflect on their private life. Ctheir strained relations with the boards. Dtheir pursuit of new career
32、 goals. 28. The word “poached” （Line 3， Paragraph 4） most probably means Aapproved of. Battended to. Chunted for. Dguarded against. 29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that Atop performers used to cling to their posts. Bloyalty of top performers is getting out-dated. Ctop performers care
33、more about reputations. Dits safer to stick to the traditional rules. 30. Which of the following is the best title for the text？ 5 / 10ACEOs： Where to Go？ BCEOs： All the Way Up？ CTop Managers Jump without a Net DThe Only Way Out for Top Performers Text 3 The rough guide to marketing success used to
34、be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media such as television commercials and print advertisements still play a major role， companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail a
35、lerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media ， such marketers act as the initiator fo
36、r users responses. But in some cases， one marketers owned media become another marketers paid media for instance， when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce
37、 engines within that environment. This trend ，which we believe is still in its infancy， effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson， for example， has created BabyCenter， a stand-alone media property that promotes c
38、omplementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income， the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective， gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies marketing， and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerne
39、d. The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more （and more diverse） communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker， more visible， and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of
40、earned media： an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers， other stakeholders， or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks， for instance， are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them
41、. If that happens， passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products， putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case， the companys response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful， and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor， for example， allevia
42、ted some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign， which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. 31.Consumers may create “earned” media when t
43、hey are A obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites. 6 / 10B inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them. C eager to help their friends promote quality products. D enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products. 32. According to Paragraph 2，sold media feature A a safe busine
44、ss environment. B random competition. C strong user traffic. D flexibility in organization. 33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media A invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers. B can be used to produce negative effects in marketing. C may be responsible for fiercer compet
45、ition. D deserve all the negative comments about them. 34. Toyota Motors experience is cited as an example of A responding effectively to hijacked media. B persuading customers into boycotting products. C cooperating with supportive consumers. D taking advantage of hijacked media. 35. Which of the f
46、ollowing is the text mainly about ？ A Alternatives to conventional paid media. B Conflict between hijacked and earned media. C Dominance of hijacked media. D Popularity of owned media. Text 4 Its no surprise that Jennifer Seniors insightful， provocative magazine cover story， “I love My Children， I H
47、ate My Life，” is arousing much chatter nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling， life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable， Senior suggests we need to redefine happine
48、ss： instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy， we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard， Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.” The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There a
