1、Colonialism,Context,The general introduction about colonialism The colonial policy of different countriesThe triangular trade Impacts,The earlier period: Spain and Portugal,The latter period: British and France,Definition:,Colonialism is the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of c
2、olonies in one territory by people from another territory. It is a process where a foreign state claims sovereignty over the colony and the social structure, government, and economics of the colony are changed by colonizers. Colonialism is a set of unequal relationships between the metropole (hub st
3、ate) and the colony and between the colonists and the indigenous population.,Types of colonialism,Settler colonialismExploitation colonialismPlantation colonialismSurrogate colonialismInternal colonialism,Age of Discovery,Modern colonialism started with the Age of Discovery. Portugal and Spain disco
4、vered new lands across the oceans and built trading posts. For some people, it is this building of colonies across oceans that differentiates colonialism from other types of expansionism. This period is also associated with the Commercial Revolution. The late Middle Ages saw reforms in accountancy a
5、nd banking in Italy and the eastern Mediterranean. These ideas were adopted and adapted in western Europe to the high risks and rewards associated with colonial ventures.,European expansion,Motivated by: Need to settle excess population Search for wealth (trade、mineral sources) The description about
6、 the outside world in literary works Intellectual curiosity, the spirit of adventure Struggle for dominance of the sea Religious reasons,Religious Freedom,After the fall of the Roman Empire, many parts of Europe began to become less civilized again (especially in the north). The Church retained much
7、 control through religion, and churches were often strongholds against marauders(抢劫者). After the separation of the Church into Roman Catholicism and Protestant， many bloody wars and persecution happened within countries. Spanish Inquisition,European expansion,Premises: Monarchy centralized (money su
8、pport) The development of technology and science (shipping) The appearance of “ptolemy map” (15th Europe, 8th Arab) More resources, a larger population and strategic locations increased potential military and political strength,Spanish Empire,By colonizing the Americas, Spain became one of the riche
9、st and most powerful countries of the 16th century. At the height of its power in 1588, the Spanish Empire included the West Indies, Cuba, Florida, Mexico, Central America, much of South America, and the Philippines.,Simn Bolvar,Simn Bolvar helped win independence from Spain for Bolivia, Colombia, E
10、cuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Revered throughout South America, Bolvar earned the name The Liberator.,Jos de San Martn,Argentine general Jos de San Martn helped lead South America to freedom from Spanish rule. San Martn is regarded as one of Argentinas foremost heroes.,Declaration of Peruvian Indepen
11、dence,Argentine soldier Jos de San Martn took charge of Perus struggle for independence in 1820. The following year he occupied Lima and on July 28, 1821, he proclaimed Perus independence from a balcony in the center of Lima.,The Philippines,In the mid-16th century, Spaniards settled some of the man
12、y islands in the Philippines, which were named in honor of Spanish King Philip II. This photo shows a village on northern Luzon, the largest island and the second settled by Spain.,Manila, Philippines,Manila is the capital and largest city of the Philippines. The Pasig River divides Manila between t
13、he original city, on its southern bank, and the more modern section, on its northern bank. Spanish colonists founded the city in 1571, and Spanish influence is apparent in the old districts architecture.,Portuguese Empire,Its biggest colony was Brazil Brazil had perfect spoil for agriculture,had woo
14、d (brazil wood), sugar, and gold. Portuguese brought African slaves and used natives as labor Justified conquest of Brazil with Christianization of the people,Jesuits,Spain and Portugal are very Catholic They used their Jesuit priests to convert the natives Their churches were called missions They a
15、lso served as mini-hospitals,Portuguese Empire,Portugal was always the smaller brother to Spain Very wealthy through trade It was too small to defend such a big empire (African and South America) England, Holland & France easily captured many Portuguese territories,Rise of the British Empire,Late 16
16、th early 17th Centuries, England dominated 17th -18th Centuries: Defeated France and Holland in a series of wars to become the main colonizer,British Colonialism,America Africa Australia Canada India/Pakistan Malaysia Hong Kong Gibraltar,British Empire, Early 20th Century,The British Empire, establi
17、shed over the course of three centuries, began in the late 16th century with chartered commercial ventures in sugar and tobacco plantations, slave trading, and missionary activities in North America and the Caribbean Islands. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the British Empire reached
18、the height of its power, ruling over large parts of Africa, Asia, and North America.,British India, 1858,Indias boundaries were gradually expanded after the British government took over the administration of India from the English East India Company in 1858. British India eventually came to include
19、what are now the independent countries of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar (formerly known as Burma), and Sri Lanka (Ceylon).,British Family in India,The British presence in India began with the English East India Companys founding of a trading post at Surat in 1612. By the early 1800s, most of India w
20、as under the control of the East India Company, and in 1858 the British Crown took over administration of India. Here, members of a British family in India pose with their servants.,Western Powers in Asia, Early 1900s.,Initially, Western powers came to Asia to trade. But they soon demanded concessio
21、ns from Asian governments, such as land for military bases, to protect that trade. Although the Westerners built railroads, canals, roads, and schools, the profits from trade went to the West.,Map of all French possessions and colonies,French colony,During the 19th and 20th centuries, the French col
22、onial empire was one of the largest in the world, behind the British Empire, the Russian Empire and the Spanish Empire: it extended over 12,898,000 km at its height in the 1920s and 1930s. The French colonial empire was the largest empire in 17th century and the Second Empire in 1929.,French colony,
23、France began to establish colonies in North America, the Caribbean and India, following Spanish and Portuguese successes during the Age of Discovery.In the 19th century, France established a new empire in Africa and South East Asia.,Map of French colonies In Africa,French North Africa,French Morocco
24、 (19121956) (protectorate) (89% of the current territory) (now Morocco)French Algeria (18301962) (Now Algeria)Egypt (ownership (17981801) French Tunisia (18811956) (protectorate) (Now Tunisia)Libya,French Morocco,France showed a strong interest in Morocco as early as 1830.In 1904 France and Spain ca
25、rved out zones of influence in Morocco.The 1912 Treaty of Fez made Morocco a protectorate of France.In March 1956 the French protectorate was ended and Morocco regained its independence from France and Spain as the “Kingdom of Morocco“.,Slave Trade,Trade between Europe and Africa soon became focused
26、 on slave trade. Africans wanted European goods and all the Europeans wanted were slaves. Most slaves were captured in raids or were prisoners of war. Some were criminals or debtors.,Triangular Trade,So began a triangular relationship between Africa, the Southern US, and Europe Sugar, tobacco, and c
27、otton would be shipped to Europe from America,Triangular Trade,Textiles, rum and manufacture goods would be shipped to Africa and America from factories in Europe Slaves would be shipped from Africa to the Americas The suppliers, manufacturers, and producers were very distinct (differentiated),Impac
28、ts,The Conquered: They lost their culture, race. They got new species, such as horses,Impacts,The conquerors: 1. Much richer 2. Women became more free in their marriage 3. The change of life style (coffee) 4. Map projection, so they could have a new view about the world 5. Psychological impact: the Europeans believed the superiority of their civilization and religion,
