1、英语改错（proof-reading）方法总结导学案（ by TYJ）一.教学目标 (aim)：（1 ）了解高考短文改错题的错误设置规律 （2 ）掌握短文改错的改正方法（3 ）提高篇章结构分析和语言纠错的能力 （4 ）培养学生的规范答题习惯Whats the main trouble when correcting a passage?1. 看不出句子有错，感觉越读越对。 2. 看出句子错误, 但无法改正。3.不能从篇章角度考虑问题。 看了答案什么都明白，做题时想不到， 因为：这些错误也是我常犯的。找到思路最重要！思路在哪里？高考命题规律二。高考命题规律(basic rules)范围 2014
2、 2015 2016动词名词代词形容词/副词冠词介词连词逻辑关系（行文逻辑)1。 短文长度 ：依据高考近两年全国卷 I 和 II 进行分析，特别是 2015 年，词数都是106，2016 年，词数为 93，故此题的短文长度应在 90-110 个词之间。 行数：72。短文难度：难度只相等于高一下学生作文或高考作文答案3。难题是如何命置的（1）：利用错误联想（2）：拦截正确思维 （3）：核心考点过关查高考短文改错的考察方式（格式要规范）（1 ）设疑方式 错词（8） 、漏词（1 ） 、多词（ 1）（2 ） “ 四不改原则” 单词拼写不改 大小写不改如： Much rare animals are d
3、ying out. 词序错误不改应从错词或少词方面考虑 标点符号不改（3 ） “五不动原则 ” （1）忠实原文原则（不改原文的原意）（2）一对一原则（一错一词）（3）错误以改动最少原则（4）虚词以添加或者删除为原则（5）实词以改变形式为原则三。短文改错错误设置规律及改正方法(specific rules and methods)1、冠词 错误类型: 不定冠词 a 和 an 的误用;元音发音开头的单词前用 an 修饰, 辅音发音开头的单词前用 a 修饰 定冠词 the 和不定冠词的误用。表示“一”的含义时不用 a/an 修饰名词，然而不可数名词前却用 a/an 修饰；表示特指时不用 the 修饰
4、名词，不表示特指时却用 the 修饰名词；在某些习惯表达中随便使用 the。改正方法：分析语境逻辑看有关名词表示特指还是泛指，表示特指时用 the 修饰，表示泛指且有“一”之意时，元音发音开头的单词前用 an 修饰，辅音发音开头的单词前用 a 修饰。同时还应注意习惯表达中冠词的使用情况。1Besides, a friend is always good listener when you need one. 2Just before I turned corner of Park Street, I happened to see an accident.3 Besides, Cleo ten
5、ds to bark a average of six hours a day.2、名词 错误类型：名词单复数错误；名词所有格错误。改正方法： 分析修饰语的单复数意义、主谓一致的特点和语境意义可以发现并改正名词单复数错误。分析前后两个名词之间有无所属关系可以发现并改正名词所有格错误。 常考不可数名词有 fun, progress, advice, information, equipment, furniture, news 等。1give me some advices on how to write like a real writer.2Christie was one of my be
6、st friend at high school.3When I finally arrived at my friend ，he lent me lots of clothes.4I was playing at my cousin house.3、形容词和副词 错误类型： 形容词和副词的误用；形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的误用。改正方法：表语和补语为形容词，名词前的定语为形容词;副词可修饰动词、形容词、副词、过去分词、介词短语或整个句子；比较级用于两个人、物之间做比较；最高级用于三个或以上的人、物之间做比较1 I had to try hardly not to laugh at her
7、shocked face!2 The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.3 When she dropped me off, I pulled out the toy slow and gave it back.4 I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and little aggressive.5 because I was so farther away, and that my mother would not sleep if she knew.4、代词 错误
8、类型： 人称代词主格和宾格的误用； 代词前后指代的误用；不定代词的误用； 反身代词的误用。改正方法： 分析上下文弄清人称代词的正确指代；主格人称代词作主语，宾格人称代词作宾语，形容词性物主代词作定语，名词性物主代词作主语、宾语和表语，反身代词作宾语或同位语。分析句子成分可以发现并改正缺少的人称代词。1 I was happy when the toys worked, but when things went wrong, I got angry and broke it.2 After we left, I said, “That was very nice of you , Mother.
9、 But I didnt think she looked like Grandma.” “Neither did me,” said Mother cheerfully.3 There was one in particular Id always wanted. I put into my pocket when he wasnt looking.4 For a while parents bought me new toys.5、介词 错误类型：多用、少用与误用介词。 改正方法：分析语境逻辑及检查介词与动词、 名词、 形容词、副词等的搭配。常考查含有介词的固定短语，因此要加强对短语的积累
10、。1From then on, weve kept touch with each other through e-mails. 2 Im sorry that I wasnt able to return to your bike on time yesterday.3 Two years ago, I traveled to Brazil and I rented for a car.4 It was so kind for you to let us bring Annes friend, Gina.6、动词 错误类型： 动词的时态和语态误用； 主谓一致误用。 改正方法：命题人经常在动词
11、的形态上设置错误，特别是一般现在时和一般过去时，现在完成时、过去完成时和一般过去时之间的替换是命题人命题的热点，因此看到动词时，一定要根据上下文和时间状语检查动词的时态和语态的运用及谓语的单复数是否正确。 1 My sister saw a lovely cup when we are shopping the other day.2 There exist now a park that has a small river running through.3 The market at the corner of Friendship Street and Xinhua Road has b
12、een given way to a supermarket. 4 Unfortunately, by the time I got back, they have finished the scene and the actor couldnt be seen anywhere.7、非谓语动词 错误类型： 不定式符号 to 的多余与遗漏；to 后跟动词原形或动名词的误用； 介词后动词形态的误用；现在分词与过去分词的误用。 动词与非谓语动词混用错误改正方法： 不作谓语的动词必须用非谓语动词，具体形式由非谓语成分决定。 要牢记 make、have、let 后跟动词作宾补时不加 to，作主补时要加
13、 to； 介词后作宾语的动词形态用动名词形式； 现在分词和过去分词的区别为：前者表示“动作主动和进行” ，后者表示“动作被动和完成” 。 考生要加强对含 to 短语的积累和总结，注意 to 何时能够省略，何时为介词，何时为不定式。1 I look forward to see her again in the near future.2 After hear your sad stories, he will say some words that is nice and warm. 3I find that the neighborhood which I used to living in
14、 has changed a lot.4So I helped them going to the nearest hospital. 5 I was at the Shanhai Railway Station buy a ticket to Hangzhou.6 I noticed Mother looking at a nearby table occupy by an elderly woman and a young couple.8、逻辑关系 错误类型：否定词特别是 not、never 等的漏用；连词的多用、少用和误用；定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的误用，特别是 which 与 t
15、hat 的误用；名词性从句中连接词的误用，特别是 what 和 that 的误用。改正方法：在整句理解的基础上，理清前后句的逻辑关系，特别注意 and、 or、 but、 after、before 、 however、 therefore、 besides、 unless 、if 等词的使用是否正确。另外，考生在理解句意的基础上正确判断句子结构和层次，判断定语从句和名词性从句引导词的使用是否正确。1 All I had to do was to write a story or present it.2 It was turned out to be her own cup, that she
16、d left on the shelf by mistake. 3 In the end, we drove to a service station and waited there unless the road was clear.4 The air keeping the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon was coming up. 四。总结（summary） 短文改错要做好， 常见类型应记牢，名词爱考“数”与“格” ， 冠词在前“错” “多” “少” ，动词时态和语态， 非谓语搭配莫错了，连代形副错一样， 多是故意来混淆
17、，介词多半错搭配， 多漏误用想周到，句法涉及到“一致” ， 从句关系词常考，词法句法均未错， 逻辑推理去寻找，“118”惯常比， 回读复查敲定稿注：“一致”：包括主谓一致，代词及相应的限定词在数、性、称方面的一致，主语与主语补语，宾语和宾语补语的一致等。“118”：指的是通常 10 个题 1 处多余，1 处需补加成分，8 处需更改。五. 操练 (practice)：根据以上原则，把下面的表达正确短文改编成短文改错。In the summer holiday following my eighteenth birthday, I took driving lessons.I still reme
18、mber how hard the first day was. Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructors orders, but once I started the car, my mind went blank.I forgot what he had said to me altogether. The instructor kept repeating the words, “Speed up!”“Slow down!” “Turn left!”I was so nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.A few minutes later, the instructor asked me to stop the car. It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle of the road.范围 2014 2015 2016 2017动词名词代词形容词/副词冠词介词连词逻辑关系（行文逻辑)
