1、Restructuring (换序译法),Restructuringthe necessary or inevitable change of word-order or the logical rearrangement of expression in a sentence in conformity with the standard or good usage of the target language on account of syntactic differences between the source language and the target language. Wh
2、at is quite natural in order in one language may seem in another language awkward in arrangement; each language has its own peculiarities in word-order or logical arrangement of expression. The natural order in English may seem the inverted or irrational order in Chinese or vice versa, hence the nec
3、essity of restructuring in translation.,The positioning of the attribute, be it an single word or a phrase or an attributive clause, in the sentence is an illustrative example. For instance, in English attributive phrases and clauses are normally placed after the words being modified (the antecedent
4、s), while in Chinese such phrases and clauses usually precede the words being modified: a). He had made a thorough study of all the dialectsspoken in Scotland. 他对苏格兰所有的方言都做了透彻的研究。b). Thousands of red, beautiful roses that blossom almost at the same time make the park the great resort of people in sp
5、ring. 差不多同时开放的几千朵美丽红玫瑰，在春季里吸引了许多人常到公园来。,In addition, restructuring can be manifested in the translation of customary English or Chinese word-groups or phrases. a). the soil and water mixture b). track and field c). by twos and threes d). old and new e). land and water f). hot and cold g). negative a
6、nd positive h). back and forth i). sisters and brothers j). the minister designate k). the president elect l). proof positive m). letters patent n). fiber glass o). corps diplomatique p). God Almighty q). right and left r). from time immortal,s). heal the wounded and rescue the dying t). the contrad
7、ictions between ourselves and the enemyIn the course of translation, restructuring may occur at the level of word combinations and sentence arrangement, involving attributive phrases and clauses, adverbials, adverbial clauses, appositive clauses, parentheses, etc.,1. Restructuring in English-Chinese
8、 TranslationRestructuring in English-Chinese translation may be roughly classified as follows. 1). Different Sequences in Word Combinations A. Word-groups or Phrases a). food, clothing, shelter and transportation b). quick of eye and deft of hand. c). court martial d). heir apparent e). heir presump
9、tive f). battles royal,g). postmaster general h). rain or shine i). inconsistency of deeds with words j). sum total k). the body politic l). a man good and pure m). consulate general n). Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary o). the parties concerned B. Logical Placement of Numerous Modifiers
10、 before the Central Noun a). the advanced foreign experience b). a small round wooden table,c). famous French writers d). a pretty little Swedish girl e). a good deep-water harbor f). a comprehensive English-Chinese dictionary g). a high steep mountain h). modern Chinese literature i). the brave har
11、d-working Chinese people j). a new international economic order k). a lonely white sail g). A modern, powerful socialist country h). An outstanding contemporary American writer,In short, the ordering of English adjectives before a noun is as follows: the determinatives (numeral, possessives限定词)inten
12、sifying adjectives(quality, size, length大小、高低、长短)gradable adjectives(shape, age形状、年龄、新旧)color adjectives(颜色)and participles (origin, 国籍、地区、出处)denominal adjectives (substance材料)/gerund/noun +head(名词)。 In other words, the general principle for placing attributive modifiers according to their senses or
13、 meanings may occur in the following manner:English: narrower rangewider rangeless importantmore important,weakerstronger generalspecific Chinese: wider rangenarrower rangemore importantless important strongerweaker specificgeneral a). 无地和少地的农民Peasants who had little or no landb). 丰收年多积累一点，灾荒年或半灾荒年就
14、不积累或者少积累一点。Accumulate more in good years and less or none in years when the crops half fail or totally fail. c). 受打击、排斥或轻视。Be slighted, pushed aside or attacked.,d). 知识分子和青年学生Students and intellectuals e). 中小国家 Small and medium-sized countries f). 我们并不认为，它们必须或者应当采取中国的做法。We do not maintain that they
15、should or must adopt the Chinese way. 2). Different Sequences in Sentence Arrangement A. Pre-positioningA). Attribute (phrases and clauses)a). They are friends sharing weal and woe.,b). These are problems left over by history. c). This is an auditorium large enough to accommodate ten thousand person
16、s. d). He suggested a method at once economical and practical. e). This may not be the best book to start with. f). It was a bolt from the blue. g). On the top of the hill stands a pagoda about a hundred feet high. h). Many scientists hold that mans social practice alone is the criterion of the trut
17、h of his knowledge of the external world. 许多科学家认为，只有人们的社会实践，才是人们对外界认识的真理性的标准。,i). This is no class war, but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations are engaged, without distinction of race, creed or party. 这不是一场阶级之间的战争，而是一场不分种类、不分信仰、不分党派，整个大英帝国及英联邦全体成员国不无参加的战争。 j). A new
18、English-Chinese phrases dictionary that I brought here yesterday and placed on the self is very useful for translation. 我昨天带来放在书架上的一本新的英汉成语辞典，对于翻译很有帮助。 k). These up-to-date practical lectures on translation which are specially written for college students have many features in theoretical principles
19、 and technical directions.,这几篇专为大学生编写的最新实用翻译讲稿，在理论原则上和技巧指导上有许多特点。 l). He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily. 如果有人敢于公然蔑视世界舆论而一意孤行，那他一定是个鲁莽之徒。 m). The emphasis was helped by the speakers mouth, which was wide, thin, and hard set. 讲话人那又阔又薄又紧绷绷的嘴巴，帮助他
20、加强了语气。 n). World War II was, however, more complex than World War I, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.,第一次世界大战是帝国主义列强之间争夺市场、资源和领土的冲突，而第二次世界大战却比第一次复杂。B). Adverbials a). Modern science and technology are developing rapidly through
21、out the world. b). They had to quit the project for lack of investment funds. c). But all men now live in a changed world because this simple man of genius gave his intelligence and heart to his fellowmen. d). They stepped into a helicopter and flew high in the sky in order that they might have a bi
22、rds-eye view of the city.,e). A student of mathematics must be familiar with all the signs and symbols commonly used in mathematics and bear them in mind and be well versed in the definition, and formulas as well as the technical terms in the field of mathematics, in order that he may be able to bui
23、ld up the foundation of the mathematical subject and master it well for pursuing advanced study. 为了能够打好数学基础，掌握好数学知识，以利于深造，学数学的学生必须熟悉和牢记数学中所有常用的符号和代号，精确数学方面的定义、所有的公式和术语。 f). He was quick to use self-deprecating humor to throw anyone off the scent.,h). Stormy applause broke forth the moment she steppe
24、d on the stage. i). The machine will start instantly you press the button. C). Parentheses a). This book, you know, is meant chiefly for primary pupils. b). When do you suppose theyll be back? c). What on earth is the matter?D). Appositives a). Mr. Nixon, the former president of the United States,b)
25、. A peasant by birth, Liu Qiang is straightforward in character. c). They silently surrounded Tom, a young soldier, in order to take him prisoner. d). “If something works out, Joe Alsop will write that it was Bundy the brilliant Harvard Dean who did it” 如果有什么事做成了，约瑟夫艾尔索普就会写道，这应归功于那个有才华的哈佛大学院长邦迪” e).
26、 Yet, from the beginning, the fact that he was still alive was ignored. f). It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay.,E). Nominative Clauses (That-Clauses) a). It doesnt make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not. b). It seemed inconceivable that the pi
27、lot could have survived the crash. c). He regards it as an honor that he is chosen to attend the meeting. d). I am proud that our country is forging ahead at such a speed. F). Inverted Sentences a). Under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.,b). Never has he laid a finger
28、 on her. c). From peak to peak leaps the thunder. d). Back, back to its depths went the ebbing tide. B. Post-positioning A). Attributes a). Keith: a little yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar. 凯斯:一个讨饭的,身材矮小,面色苍黄,衣衫褴褛,瘸腿,满脸胡子。 b). She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of he
29、r own. 她心地厚道，为人乐观，性情温柔，待人和蔼，器量又大。,c). She was an intelligent, attractive and somewhat temperamental daughter of a well-to-do doctor in Haddington. 她是哈丁顿一位富裕医生的女儿，有才华，又迷人，但有点脾气。B). Adverbials a). Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution. b). They, not unexpectedly, did not respond.
30、 c). The people of the country seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. d). Characteristically, John concealed his feelings and watched and learned.,e). Open and aboveboard, Dr. Zhou is a man of easy access and has a strong love for medical science. 周医生光明磊落，待人平易，热爱医学事业。 f). With the
31、fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership, his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him. 由于害怕有人阴谋推翻他的领导，他似乎完全丧失了自信。但所谓的阴谋在很大程度上是他自己假想出来的。 C). Nominative Clauses (That-Clauses ) a). It is quite certain that mankind will eventually solve the riddle of AIDS.,b). The assertion that it w
32、as difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely contested. c). It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit I had i
33、ntended to pay to China in January. d). I believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common voice.,D). The Subject a). I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government, it proved possib
34、le to reinstate the visit so quickly. 由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新实现访问，这使我感到特别高兴。 b). No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, as well as abilities, of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the house. 刚才几位可尊敬的先生向全体代表发言了。对于这几位先生的爱国精神及才干，我个人比任何人都更钦佩。The study of and the probe into the
35、 causes for the mine disaster are still underway. c). I am at a loss what I should say on such an occasion.,d). The man in the street scarcely realizes that many forms of business, some major industries, and one or two minor professions could be completely abolished without gravely injuring American
36、 society; whereas the disappearance or even what we see in some quarters, the continuous neglect and degradationof the teaching profession must mean a disaster to the entire nation. 在美国，许多行业可以完全停业，某些主要工业也可以完全废除，一两个次要职业也可以完全取消，而不至于严重影响到美国社会；但如果没有教师这一职业，或者像在某些地区那样，教育事业长期不受重视并且每况愈下，那么就整个国家而言，这必将是一场灾难。这
37、一点是一般人很少认识到的。,e). Then, most Americans had little interest in “1500 000 square kilometers of ice-bergs and polar bears”beyond Canadas western borders, far from the settled areas of the United States. 对（阿拉斯加）这个毗邻加拿大西部边境，远离美国已开发地区的“150万平方公里满是冰山和北极熊”的地方，当时大多数美国人根本不感兴趣。 2. Restructuring in Chinese-Engli
38、sh Translation1). Attributes (post-positioning)A. One-word Attributes A). Some compound pronouns made up of some, any, no or every.,a). 报纸上没有什么有趣的新闻。 There is nothing interesting in the newspaper. b). 几乎所有重要的问题都在会上讨论过了。 Almost everything important has been discussed in the meeting. c). 这是稀世珍品。 It is
39、 something rare in the world d). 医生为了救病人，尽到了一切必要的努力。 The doctor did everything necessary to save the patient. B). Some adjectives ending in ible or able. a). 中国可供出口的商品种类繁多。 Chinese commodities available for export are varied.,b)这是唯一能想出的解决办法。 This is the only solution imaginable. C). Some adjectives
40、of predicative nature. a). 她是当今最伟大的舞蹈家之一。 b). 这是今天该还的书。 c). 只有这把钥匙能开这个门。 D). Some adverbs denoting location or direction. a). 海外市场 b). 天上的云 c). 惟一的出路,B. Attributive Phrases a). 他亲眼目睹了美国战后第一次后果严重的波及各个 领域的经济危机。 He witnessed the first post-war economic crisis of serious consequence prevailed in various
41、 fields in the U.S. b). 英国是第一个承认人民中国的西方大国。 Britain was the first western power to recognize peoples China. c). 据统计，每天前来游览长城的游客数以千计。 As is shown by statistics, every day tourists coming to visit the Great Wall amount to thousands. d). 那个手里抱着婴儿的妇女正等着医生看病。,C. Attributive Clauses a). 我们多年聚居的老屋，已经卖给别人了。
42、The old house our clan had lived in for many years had already been sold. b). 了解到他们一定会把他终身为之奋斗不渝的事业继承下来，这是一件令人快慰的事情。 It is a consolation to know that they will surely carry on the cause for which he strove so faithfully all his life. c). 那个整天躲在云层里的太阳，现在又光芒四射地露 面了。 The sun, which had hidden all day,
43、now came out in all its splendor.,2). Adverbials A. Single-word Adverbials a). 他整天都工作。 He works all day long. b). 他上班很少迟到。 He is seldom late for work. c). 在王大婶的细心照料下猪长得很快。 The pigs are growing fast under Aunt Zhangs care. d). 他从口袋里取出一条红领巾，给了他的小女儿。 He took out a red scarf from his pocket and gave it
44、to his little daughter.,B. A Series of Adverbials Denoting Time, Place, Manner, etc. Chinese: timeplace/directionmannerfrequencyverb English: verbmannerplace/directionfrequencytime a). 我们上星期天在他家饱餐了一顿。 We ate to our hearts content at his home last Sunday. b). 他们昨天早上在会议室里热烈地讨论这个计划。 They discussed the
45、plan animatedly in the meeting room yesterday morning. c). 他每天早晨在室外高声朗读。,He reads aloud in the open every morning. d). 林教授此刻正在实验室和他的两位新助手一道工作着。 Prof. Wang is working with his two new assistants in the laboratory at the moment. e). 她住在湖北汉口江汉路107号。Longkun Rd south She lives at 107 Jianghan Rd. Hankou,
46、 Hubei. f). 中国人民正在中国共产党的领导下，团结一致地进行着伟大的社会主义建设。(两个状语)Led by the Chinese Communist Party, the Chinese people, united as one, are engaged in the great task of building socialism.,C. The Pre-positioning of Adverbials for Emphasis a). 边防战士们日日夜夜守卫着祖国的边疆。 Day and night, frontier guards defend our motherlan
47、ds border areas. b). 布莱克先生多次在紧急时刻助我一臂之力。 Many a time has Nr. Black given me a hand in emergency. c). 青年团在党的领导下，积极参加各方面的革命工作，作出了很大成绩。 Under the Partys leadership, the Youth League has been active in every field of revolutionary work and has a great deal to its credit. 3). Miscellaneous Elements a). 自
48、1988年建省以来，海口建起了许多高楼大厦。,A brief comparison of differences between English and Chinese 比较要点英语 汉语1、叙事部分与表态部分的顺序表态（判断、结论）在前，叙事（描写、事实）在后（先总提后分述）顺序相反（先分述后总提）2、意思强弱、轻重部分的顺序先弱后强，先轻后重、先大后小（时间、地点等）顺序往往相反（先强后弱）3、连用数个形容词的顺序越能说明人和事物本质的越靠近名词顺序往往相反4、长短部分的顺序先短后长，常用时态、介词、连词等表示时间和逻辑顺序先长后短， 常用分句、短句、断句按时间和逻辑顺序排列5、描写性、限
49、制性部分的位置描写性、限制性等修饰成分多作定语，少作谓语。少作定语，多作谓语。6、定语的位置单词在名词之前短语和从句在名词之后饰词语较散单词、短语和小句均在名词之前，没有定语从句，较短的修饰词语较集中，较长的修饰词语拆离名词7、状语的位置比较灵活，较长的常在句末或句首常在主语之后，动词之前，状语从句常在主句之后。8、同位语的位置（表身份）较长的在名词之后，较短的在名词之前位置往往相反9、主、谓、宾（表）的位置有时不靠拢，可被其他较长部分隔开靠拢，不宜相隔太远,Drills A. Put the following into Chinese 1). He had to quit the posi
50、tion and went into exile, having been deprived of his power. 2). He was dumbfounded at her insistence that he explain where every cent of his allowance had gone. 3). Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. 4). That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. 5). Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of,
