1、第四章英译汉的难点,这些难点主要有：声色词的译法，习语的译法，专有名词的译法，以及修辞格的译法。 黄鑫 李平,4.1 声色词,4.11 拟声词1).英汉拟声词比较同一种声音在英语和汉语中用相同的拟声词来表达。例：pat 啪（轻拍声）giggle 咯咯howl 嚎,B:同一种声音在英语和汉语中用不同的拟声词来表达。例如：Croak 咕咕/呱呱（蛙鸣）drum 咚咚（鼓声）Splash扑通（水贱声）C：不同的声音用同一种拟声词表示：gurgle（流水）汨汨声 （人发出）咯咯声Chatter（鸟）啁啾，（松鼠等）吱吱叫 ；（溪流）潺潺声；（机器）震动rustle：（绸衣，树叶，纸等）沙沙作响,2）英
2、语拟声词的译法A：把英文拟声词译成读音与之相同的汉语拟声词：（1）The iron hissed when it pressed the wet cloth .熨斗烫湿布时发出咝咝声。（2）The chestnuts and acorns dropped in showers,and the patter on the gravel was a little weired.栗子和橡果雨点般纷纷坠下，吧嗒吧嗒地打在砾石地上，那声音给人有种神秘的感觉。（3）The chmpagne cork popped.香槟酒的软木塞砰的一声开了。,B:把英语拟声词译成读音不同的汉语拟声词。例如：（1）The
3、chandelier landed crash on the floor.那盏枝形吊灯啪喇一声落到地上。（2）The shutter rattled in the wind. 百叶窗在风中发出咯吱的响声。（3）The stone rolled into the river with a splash.那石头扑通一声滚进河里C：把同一英语拟声词根据不同的情况译成不同的汉语拟声词，或是把不同的英语的拟声词根据不同的情况译成相同的汉语拟声词，例如：(1)The whip cracked as the wagon master started the horses.马车夫赶马路时，鞭子甩得噼噼啪啪的响
4、/The plate craked when I dropped it.（2）Thunder began to rumble .雷声开始隆隆作响。The cart rumbled past.大车咕噜咕噜地驶了过去。/His stomach rumbled emptily,D:把英语拟声词译成非汉语拟声词，例如：（1）With this he closed;and through the audience went a murmur ,like the rustle of dead leaves.他的话说完了，在听众中间掠过一阵低语声，像枯叶在簌簌作响。（2）From somewhere in
5、the woods beyond the pond，the plaintive calls of geese honked and died away。从水塘彼岸的树林里不知什么地方传来几声鹅的哀鸣，转而又悠然消逝。（3）He rattled the receiver up and down but could get no reply.他把电话听筒拿起来又摔下，但是不见回音,除了掌握以上技巧外还需要注意处理好以下几个问题：A：有些英语拟声词翻译成汉语时可保留其原来的词性及句法功能，例如：“Ssssssh! They d simply murder me if they cought you
6、here. Do you want get me fired?” “嘘 嘘 嘘 要是他们发现你在这儿，他们简直会要了我的命。你想要我丢掉饭碗么？”(独立成分独立成分）B：有些英语拟声词翻译成汉语时可以转换其原来的词性或者句法功能。例如：“Beep， Beep， Beep， Beep， Beep” The sound grew louder with each pulse:an irritating noise that would not be silenced. “嘟嘟嘟嘟嘟嘟”的声音随着每次有节奏的跳动，一声比一声响：讨厌的噪音响个不停（独立成分定语）,C:有些英语拟声词翻译成汉语时可根据
7、汉语的需要增补一定的词语（如“作响”，“一声”,“一下”等），使译文符合汉语的表达习惯。例如：The jailor clanked a warning with his keys to his prisoners.看守把钥匙弄得叮当作响以警告犯人。D：有时英语原文中没有拟声词，翻译成汉语时可以根据汉语表达的需要增补恰当的拟声词语，使译文表达生动，例如：,E：在英语文学作品中经常可见临时生造的拟声词，翻译时可以根据具体语境灵活处理。例如：“Ho ho ho ！”laughed dark Car “哈哈哈“黑卡尔笑了。,颜色词,汉语英语,赤、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫,red（红）， white（白）
8、，black（黑），green（绿），yellow（黄），blue（蓝），purple（紫），gray（灰），brown（棕）,Mr white is a very white man. He was looking rather green the other day. He has been feeling blue today. When I saw him, he was in a brown mood. I hope hell soon be in the pink again.布朗先生是一位忠实可靠的人。那天他脸色不好，近来感到闷闷不乐。 我见到他的时候，他显得心事重重。我希望他早
9、点振作起来。,忠实可靠,病色,沮丧；悲伤,身体很棒,心事重重,英汉颜色词的文化内涵对比,. yellow yellow 胆小、卑怯、卑鄙 a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人 yellow livered 胆小的 Yellow Pages Yellow Book yellow boy,黄页,黄皮书,（俗）金币,黄色pornographic（色情的）、vulgar（庸俗下流的）、obscene（猥亵的）,低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵,blue,blue jokes,blue films,. blacka black letter dayblack and blue black look
10、black moodblack spotblack sheepin somebodys black books black heartblack house black despairblack man black oxblack coffee,不吉祥的日子，倒霉的一天,青一块、紫一块,恶狠狠的神色,情绪低落,交通事故多发地段，事故、犯罪焦点,败家子、害群之马,失去某人的宠爱,奸恶阴险的人,军营中的牢房,大失望,恶魔,不幸,不加牛奶或糖的咖啡、诈骗犯,red 红旗 红糖 红茶 红榜 红豆 红运 红利 红事 红酒 火灾 血战 彩霞,red flag,brown sugar,black tea,h
11、onour roll,love pea,good luck,dividen,wedding,red wine,red ruin,red battle,red sky,贾宝玉神游太虚境，警幻仙曲演红楼梦。 Jiao Baoyu visits the Land of Illusion; And the fairy Disenchantment performs the Dream of Golden Days. 贾宝玉品茶栊翠庵，刘姥姥醉窝怡红院。Jia Baoyu tastes some superior tea at Green Bower Hermitage; And Grannie Liu
12、 samples the sleeping accommodation at Green Delights.,4. blue sing the blues to have a fit of the blues,情绪低落、心情沮丧、忧愁苦闷,垂头丧气,沮丧的、低沉的,out of bluebe blue in the faceonce in a blue moonblue alertblue chip blue coat blue blood blue eyed blue murderblue print blue beard to blush like a blue dog,禁律严的、下流的、
13、猥亵的、沮丧的、出身高贵的,突然地,(由于愤怒或过分费力) 脸色突变,千载难逢,(预备警报后的) 空袭警报，台风警报,热门股票，第一流的， (同行中) 最赚钱的,穿蓝制服的人、警察,贵族出身,心爱的，易受骗的,恐怖的喊声,蓝图、行动计划,鬼怪、妖怪,一点也不脸红,Waterloo Bridge 魂断蓝桥,5. white white coffee white list white room white hope white wedding white man white sheet,纯洁、美好、善意、合法、公平、幸福、轻轻的、政治上反动,加牛奶的咖啡,白名单(指守法人士、合法机构等),最清洁的
14、房屋,为某团体(或) 城镇带来荣誉的人,吉祥的婚礼,正直高尚的人,忏悔者的白袍,6. greengreen with envy green as jealousy green-eyed monster Translate: 眼红,嫉妒、眼红,钱财、钞票、有经济实力,没有经验、缺乏训练、知识浅薄,green-eyed, 嫉妒、眼红,In American political elections the candidates that win are usually the ones who have green power backing them. 在美国政治竞选中获胜的候选人通常都是些有财团
15、支持的人物。,钱财、钞票、有经济实力,The new typist is green at her job. 刚来的打字员是个生手。,没有经验、缺乏训练、知识浅薄,green roomas green as grassgreen fingersgreen linegreen stuff a green old ageto get the green lightto look through green glassesin the green tree (或wood)green powergo to the green wood,演员休息室,无生活经验的,成功的种植者;种植的高超技艺,(军) 轰
16、炸机、敌我分界线,蔬菜;草木,老当益壮,得到允许做某事,对.感到嫉妒,处于佳境,(美) 金钱的力量,落草(去当绿林好汉),颜色词与历史、社会、经济的关系,历史方面：to raise to the purpleto be born in the purpleto marry into the purple,升为红衣主教,生于帝王之家,与皇室或贵族联姻,社会方面：blue-collar workers grey-collar workerswhite-collar workerspink-collar workersgolden-collar personnel,蓝领阶层,灰领阶层,白领阶层,粉领
17、阶层,金领阶层,经济方面：red ink in the blackwhite goodsbrown goods,赤字,盈利,白色货物,棕色货物,颜色词的译法,（一）直译White House red figure The leafless trees, which were against the leaden sky, now revealed more fully the wonderful beauty and intricacies of their branches. 那叶儿落尽的树木，映衬着铅灰色的天空，此刻显得更加枝丫交错，姿态万千。,白宫,赤字,（二）改换颜色词black te
18、a black and blueHis face became blue with cold. She dressed in a very short creamy skirt that day. 那天她穿着一条很短的米色裙子。,红茶,青一块紫一块,他的脸冻得发青。,颜色词在英汉对译中的错位,black tea红糖brown breadblack clothpurple wine,红茶,brown sugar,黑面包,青布,红葡萄酒,（三）原文无颜色词，译文可增加适当的颜色词 He didnt try in vain. Her eyes became moist. It is like a w
19、indfall, like a Godsend, like an unexpected piece of luck. 它像飞来的吉庆， 像天降洪福， 像意外红运。,他没有白干。,她眼圈红了。,（四）意译 红豆pink slipa green hand (1) You look blue today. Whats wrong with you? 你今天看起来闷闷不乐，出了什么事？ (2) He is green with jealousy. (3) He is a blue-blooded man . (4) Her story immediately reminded me of a Chin
20、ese saying The young beautiful lady will always be star-crossed. 听了有关她的故事， 我立刻想到中国的 一句俗话，即“红颜薄命”。,love pea,解雇职工通知单,新手,他醋意大发。,他出生贵族。,命运不佳的；不幸的,练习,He is too yellow to stand up and fight. He gave me a black look. They felt rather blue after the failure in the football match. 球赛踢输了，他们感到有些沮丧。You cannot e
21、xpect Mary to do business with such people. She is only eighteen and as green as grass.你不能指望玛丽同这样的人做生意，她只有十八岁，还毫无经验。A large number of factories operate in the red. 许多工厂都是负债经营。,他太软弱，不敢起来斗争。,他怒气冲冲地看着我。,习语,俗语（colloquialisms）,谚语（proverbs）,俚语（slang expressions）,辨认习语,()违背常理的句子 Its raining cats and dogs .
22、天下倾盘大雨。 My neighbours are continually quarrelling, but it is usually a storm in a tea-cup . 我的邻居们老是争吵不休，常常是为了点小事儿大吵大闹。,()违背语法规则的表达。 He was blown to kingdom come. 他被炸死了。 Im afraid this sudden wet weather has put paid to our picnic. 恐怕这突如其来的雨天已使我们的野炊泡汤了 。,finish, destroy,()以like, as等简单的词开头的习语。 He acce
23、pted his defeat like a lamb. 他毫无反抗地接受了自己的失败。 Theyre the same height, or as near as makes no difference. 他们全是一般高，分不出谁高谁矮。,meekly,nearly; almost,习语翻译的策略,一、直译法,在不违背译文语言规范以及不引起错误联想的前提下，在译文中保留英语习语的比喻、形象、和民族色彩的翻译方法。,条条大路通罗马,特洛伊木马,强烈的政治意义，或有明显的西方民族、地方、历史、宗教等色彩,to be armed to the teethTime is money. to shed
24、 crocodile tearsto trim the sail to the windToo many cooks spoil the broth. 厨子多了煮坏汤。,武装到牙齿,时间就是金钱,掉鳄鱼眼泪,看风使帆,使平衡,煮肉的清汤,under ones nosepacked like sardinessour grapesA light heart lives long. a gentlemans agreementthe Trojan horsethe heel of Achillesthe sword of DamoclesA cat has nine lives. Barking
25、dogs do not bite. A rolling stone gathers no moss.,在某人鼻子底下,挤得象沙丁鱼罐头,酸葡萄,不恼不愁，活到白头。,君子协定,特洛伊木马,阿基里斯的脚跟,悬在达摩克里斯头顶上的剑,猫有九命。,吠犬不咬人。,滚石不生苔。,二、直译加注Dont know, Captain, but it sounds like Grace is in there talking to her boss at NIS. She mentioned killing off the investigation. Sounds to me like some seriou
26、s circling of wagons has been going on. 不知道，上校，不过听起来葛瑞丝好像正和她的调查局老板谈话，她提及撤消调查。听起来像是真的要把大篷车围起来了。（ circling of wagons：美国人从东部向西部移民时，路上常遇印第安人袭击，于是他们就把大篷车围起来自卫。此处指当权者怕调查深入， 火烧到自己身上，于是撤销调查自保。）,a bull in a china shopto shed crocodile tearsPeople considered that what he had played on that occasion was no mor
27、e than a Judas kiss.人们认为他在那种场合所表演的不过是犹大之吻居心险恶。,公牛闯进瓷器店肆意捣乱,流鳄鱼眼泪假慈悲,The best fish swim (are) near the bottom.好鱼居水底有价值的东西不能轻易得到。Fish begins to stink at the end.鱼要腐烂头先烂上梁不正下梁歪。 If two ride on a horse, one must ride behind.两人骑一匹马，总有一人坐在后面两人参加的事只能一人为主。The apples on the other side of the wall are the swe
28、etest. 隔墙的苹果最甜这山看着那山高。Dont forget to cross your ts. 写时不要忘记 t上面那一横一言一行都不要马虎草率。,发臭味；惹人讨厌,三、意译法1）They didnt invite him, for he is a wet blanket.他们没有邀请他，因为他是个令人扫兴的人。2) Among so many well-dressed and cultured people the country girl felt like a fish out of water.在众多穿着体面而又有教养的人群里，这位乡下姑娘感到很不自在。3）We still l
29、ove each other very much ，but we fight like cat and dog 我们常吵吵闹闹，但仍很相爱。,Look at the chaps in politics and business, whose whole lives were passed in skating on thin ice, and getting knighted for it. 试看那些政治上和商业上的家伙们， 他们整个儿的生活都是在风险中度过的，可是都因此封了爵。to come like a dog at a whistleHilter was once as proud as
30、 a peacock. 希特勒曾是一个不可一世的家伙。,一呼即来,家伙,授以爵士品位,She likes to rubber-neck. start a hareto bring down the house plain sailingto show ones clean heelsto go on a wild goose chase as greedy as a wolfEvery bean has its black.,她爱问长问短。,话离本题,全场喝彩,一帆风顺,逃之夭夭,枉费心机,贪得无厌,人皆有短处。,四、兼用直译和意译The captain scratched the begin
31、nings of five oclock shadow and look away. 上校一边用手抓着下午五点钟长出来的络腮胡子茬，一边向远处望去,laugh off ones head break the earthwash off ones handsThere is no rose without a thorn. Every flow has its ebb. A rolling stone gathers no moss. I had won $300 at poker that ordinarily would have burned a hole in my pocket，but
32、 I couldnt shake an overwhelming sadness. 我玩扑克游戏赢了三百元。通常，钱烧口袋漏，一有就不留。可我当时极为忧愁烦闷怎么也无法摆脱那种恶劣的心境。Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard.俗话说， 衣柜里面藏骷髅， 见不得人的事儿家家有。,笑掉了牙,破土动工,洗手不干,玫瑰皆有刺， 乐中必有苦。,潮有涨落日， 人有盛衰时。,滚石不生苔, 转业不聚财。,退潮；衰落,五、汉语同义习语套用法I think, and I certainly hope, those st
33、ories are terribly exaggerated. Our intelligencer says they are. Still, where theres smoke我觉得，我当然也希望，这些报道是夸大了。我们的情报人员说是这样。不过，无风不起浪Well, its too late to hide now. I must try to avoid suspicion by throwing them off the scent.如今即使赶着躲，想罢也躲不及了，少不得要使个金蝉脱壳的法子。,谍报员,气味；香味；线索,a drop in the oceanto shed crocod
34、ile tearsto spend money like waterat sixes and sevenssix of one and half a dozen of the otherLittle chips light great fires.Its a poor mouse that has only one hole.,沧海一粟,猫哭老鼠/鳄鱼的眼泪,挥金如土,乱七八糟/颠三倒四,半斤八两,星星之火，可以燎原。,狡兔三窟。,碎片,Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion. 宁为鸡首，不为牛后。Some prefer turn
35、ips and others pears.萝卜白菜，各有所爱。as lean as a rail clean hand It was by no means a bed of rose. He cries wine and sells vinegar. as red as rose as clear as daylightHe robs Peter to pay Paul. Diamonds cut Diamonds. Pay on the spot and borrow a lot; pay slow and youll get no dough.,骨瘦如柴,两袖清风,这决不是安乐窝。,挂羊
36、头，卖狗肉。,艳如桃李,洞若观火,拆东墙补西墙。,棋逢对手，将遇良才。,好借好还，再借不难。,萝卜,钱（俚）,六、意译加注throw in the sponge 认输，投降 （注：若拳击运动员的副手把擦身用的海绵抛向空中，则表示这个运动员认输因而不进入下一轮比赛。）pour oil on troubled waters 平息风波，息事宁人（注：传说航海遇到风浪时，若把油倒进海里，可起到使海浪平息的作用。）open sesame 敲门砖， 过难关的秘诀（注：天方夜谈中的阿里巴巴与四十大盗故事说：一个山洞内藏有无数的金银财宝，但洞门紧闭，必须用咒语“芝麻开门”才能打开。）Good wine nee
37、ds no bush. 酒好客自来。（注：英国从前流行一种风俗，人们常在商店的门口外挂某种东西作为该店经营某种商品的标志，挂常春藤ivybush标志的常为酒店。）,海绵,芝麻,3. 翻译英语习语应注意的几个问题,A. 准确理解习语，切毋望文生义，弄出笑话来。 （1）John likes to pat himself on the back. （2）Then it happened that I had to answer the call of nature, and, passing, I saw the risen dough, which seemed to say to me, “Do
38、 it!” In brief, I let myself be persuaded. , 走着，我看到了发起来的面团，它好象对我说，“撒吧！”简单地说，我真的这么做了。（3）He kissed the hares foot.,约翰喜欢捶自己的背。,约翰喜欢自吹。,碰巧我现在得对自然的召唤作出答复,碰巧这时我想解手,他吻了兔子的脚。,他迟到了。,There is no love lost between them. 他们彼此恩爱，感情从未破裂 。他们互相憎恨，毫无爱情可言。,Try to translate ：,(1) have the face(2) to pull somebodys leg
39、(3) a big fish in a small pond 山中无老虎，猴子也称王。 林中无鸟雀称王。,恬不知耻，厚脸皮,开玩笑,B. 采用套译法时，要特别注意避免使用民族特色太浓的汉语成语来套译英语习语 (1) Beauty lies in lovers eyes. 情人眼里出美人 情人眼里出西施。(2) Many heads are better than one. 三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。 一人不及众人计。(3) Never offer to teach fish to swim. 不要班门弄斧。 不要教鱼儿游泳。(4) Even a worm will turn. 逼人入绝境，绵羊也
40、反抗。 狗急跳墙。,Try to translate:(1)Give a dog a bad (an ill) name and hang him. 谗言可畏 欲加之罪，何患无辞(2) A miss is as good as a mile. 失之毫厘，谬以千里 错无大小， 其错一样。,C.有些习语有多种译法，哪种译法恰当要视具体语境而定:（1）Take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves. （金钱）积少自然成多。/小事谨慎，大事自成。（2）One swallow does not make a summ
41、er. 一燕不成夏。/轻率推论必成大错。/一关渡过并非万事大吉。（3） Still water runs deep. 静水流深。/外表淡漠然而内心深情。/沉默者深谋。（4）Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. 到了桥边才过桥。/不必担心太早。/不必自寻烦恼。（5）He laughs best who laughs last. 谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好（鼓励）。/不要高兴得太早（警告）。（6）Dont cast out the foul water till you bring in the clean. 清水未来，莫泼脏水。/新的不来，旧的莫丢。,污浊的,
