1、高考英语长难句分析,红兴隆第一高级中学 于文云,前言,纵观历年高考英语试题，可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。不难理解，命题者在句子难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。下面我们来了解长难句最常见的形式。,一、 复合从句,这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实，不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如: I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如:The man is a t
2、eacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。,一、 复合从句,这些从句都很常见，考生比较熟悉，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。这时，考生应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。,二、 分隔结构,为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息
3、。此外，还有一些句子成分（一般是定语）过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。,三、 成分省略,在英语句子中，节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。例如在以than，as引导的比较状语从句中，一些成分往往被省略，会给理解带来一定的影响，而且这类句子出现频率较高，考生需要熟记。,四、 改变语序,改变语序主要指倒装句式。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强调句子的意义表达的重心，或是强调一种表达语气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往
4、往和一些副词、连词相关，有明显的标志。当然，被动句、双重否定句等句式在阅读考试中也屡屡出现，限于篇幅本文未将其归入。希望考生能结合阅读实践来体会上述句法特征。,突破策略 (1) 结构分析法,所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架。 基本步骤是：首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子的附属成分。,方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法 找主谓语，即找主干成分, However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and sa
5、y the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.,此句的主语为many scientists，主语里面包含了一个由who引导的定语从句。主句有两个谓语，即are doubtful和say，say后面又包含了一个宾语从句。, Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.,此句的主语为some
6、companies,有两个谓语，即have made和emphasize，their main selling point 是宾语补足语。,方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法 找主谓语，即找主干成分,At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors chute(道) doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.,此句的主语为a microcomputer，也有两个谓语，即locks 和se
7、ts。,方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法 找主谓语，即找主干成分,方法二：并列复合句的处理方法找并列连词, The hot sun had caused the dough (面团) to double in size and fermenting yeast(酵母) made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing.,本句话中有两个主语，the hot sun 和 fermenting yeast,分别有自己的谓语had cause ,made,是由and 连接的两个并列句, Miss Germaines mother look
8、ed anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordells parents are reported to be less than delighted.,方法二：并列复合句的处理方法找并列连词,本句话中也有两个主语，Miss Germaines mother 和 Mr. Cordells parents,分别有自己的谓语looked ,are reported,也是由and 连接的两个并列句,方法三：主从复合句的处理方法找从属连词, Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to t
9、ell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.,whereas引导了一个从句，即 a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave afailing marriage
10、, 而it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriagewas in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.为主句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式。,方法四： 并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法 先读懂并列复合句， 再看主从复合句,If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the Engl
11、ish language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didnt even speak EnglishWilliam, the Conqueror.,首先弄清并列复合句，即but连接的两个句子，再看but前有一个条件状语从句，but后为一个单句，单句里又有一个who引导的定语从句。,(2)意群阅读法,意群阅读法即把意义和语法结构上有关联的几个词
12、连接成较完整的信息。此方法不仅有利于提高阅读速度，而且有利于对句子的整体理解。例如：,When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other, an unbelted driver would meet the windshield with a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of 10 meters.,分析：是状语从句，是主句，是with引导的介词短语作状语，修饰谓语。这样，把整个句子划为4个意群，可以大大提高阅读速度。,典型例题,例1、 What Wint
13、er knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (移植).,解析： 此句的主语为What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life整个从句，其中主语里面又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句；主语的谓语为is，后面的that引导两个
14、并列的表语从句。 点评： 分析长难句时找出主句的谓语是至关重要的一步。,例2 、Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.,解析：此句的主语为Pasteur，谓语即discovered，第一个that引导的是宾语从句。在宾语从句中
15、after引导状语从句，第二个that引导定语从句。第三个that引导同位语从句。 点评： that在长难句里面用得非常多，所以正确理解that在不同从句中的用法非常重要。,跳出陷阱,1. This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasurea 120-page diary kept 190 years ago by Deborah Logan“a woman who knew everybody of her day,” Jame
16、s Green, the librarian told the magazine “American Libraries”.,分析： 第一句的主语为James Green, the librarian，谓语为told，第一个宾语为the magazine “American Libraries”，第二个宾语为宾语从句，此宾语从句的主语为This chance discovery，谓语即ended，后面宾语的中心词为a 12-day search。,2. The alarm had been raised because Vicki became suspicious(怀疑) of the gu
17、est who checked in at 3 pm the day before New Years Eve with little luggage and wearing sunglasses and a hat pulled down over his face .,分析： The alarm had been raised为主句，because 引导一个原因状语从句，原因状语从句里又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句。,3. At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medic
18、al School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(纳米技术) make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past.,分析： 主语为Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark，主语中心词为Donald Louria，谓语为said，said后面都是省略了that的宾语从句，宾语从
19、句的主语为advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology，主语中心词为advances，谓语为make，it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为that引导的宾语从句。,1.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist w
20、ho made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique. (NMET2003.C篇),这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。简析：夹杂过去分词短语，介词短语，动名词及两个定语从句,2. It is difficult to measu
21、re the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased
22、use of the Internet. (NMET2003.E篇),由于因特网的使用，计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难的，然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人能告诉你，当引进电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于因特网越来越多的使用。简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词just about几乎;overtime超时地。,3. Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itsel
23、f, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market. (NMET2003.E篇),或许，表明电脑及因特网使用促进人们对于纸张的需求的最好迹象源于高科技产业本身，印刷业被认为是高科技产业极有前景的新市场之一。 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词promising有前途的,4. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste. (NMET2003.E
24、篇),这个行动组也发现一种人们可接受的纸，制成这种纸的原料不是木料，而是农业废料。 简析：关键词other than而不是。,5. Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese, these terms are often changed into forms no longer understood by native speakers. (NMET2003.D篇),这些术语，主要从英语和汉语引入，经常会变成不再被说本族语的人们理解的形式。 简析：关键词term术语。,6. It is one of many language books that are
25、 now flying off booksellers shelves.(NMET2003.D篇),它是现在很畅销的许多外语书中的一本。 简析：比喻生动形象。,7. The mass media and government white papers play an important part in the spread of foreign words.(NMET2003.D篇),大众传播媒介和政府白皮书(正式报告)在外国词传播过程中起重要作用。 简析：关键词the mass media and government white papers大众传播媒介和政府白皮书(正式报告),8.Tal
26、es from Animal Hospital will delight all fans of the programme and anyone who was a lively interest in their pet, whether it be a cat 、dog or snake! (NMET2003.C篇),来自动物医院(这个电视节目)的故事(这本书)，将使这个电视节目的爱好者以及对无论是猫、狗还是蛇这类宠物有浓厚兴趣的任何人感到高兴。 简析：关键词fans爱好者，whetheror，无论是还是。,9. Newton is shown as a gifted scientist
27、 with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magic ended and science began. (NMET2003 .C篇),牛顿被证明是一位很有才华的科学家，他处于一个魔术终结科学开启的历史时期，他也有普通人所特有的弱点。 简析：夹杂两个定语从句,10. But for all the texts that are written, stored and sent electronically, a lot of them are still ending up on paper.(NMET
28、2003.E篇),但对于所有这些以电子手段记录，贮存及传递的文本而言，许多文本仍要(打印)在纸上。 简析：关键词text文本;end up最后成为(处于)。,11.With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence, according to Intermountain Therapy Animals(ITA) in sa
29、lt Lake City.(NMET2003.B篇),据盐湖城的ITA的观点，闪烁的棕色眼睛，摇着尾巴，并有无条件的爱心，狗能成为无判断力的(忠实的)听者，这是刚开始搞阅读的小孩所需要的。 简析：夹杂with构成的介词短语及过去分词短语。,12. The Salt Lake City public library is sold on the idea. (NMET2003.B篇),这家盐湖城公共图书馆接受这个观点。 简析：关键词sell on (to)使接受。,13. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name in 1506,
30、 and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. (NMET2003. A篇),这个岛屿，于1506年被同名的葡萄牙上将发现，在1810年有人居住，现在属于英 国，人口数有几百人。 简析：有两个过去分词短语作状语。,14. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build mo
31、re than 1000 huge stone figures, called moat, for which the island is most famous.(NMET2003.A篇),他们已有一千多年与外界没有联系，这给他们充足的时间来修建1000多座巨大的石像，被称为莫艾，因为有这个东西这个岛屿极其出名。 简析：夹杂有现在分词短语，过去分词短语及定语从句。,15. Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10 and theyre very interactive and creative in that they build a sense of drama based on a subject. (NMET2002. E篇),我们的(生日)聚会针对两到十岁的小孩，它们互动感强，富有创新，因为它们能基于一个主题构建一种戏剧的氛围。 简析：关键词aim for 针对;in that 在于。,
