1、阅读理解 解题方法与技巧,(一)阅读的方法 (二)不同体裁文章的特点及解题技巧 (三)不同类型问题的解题方法与技巧,1“指读” 2“声读” 3“译读” 4“回读” 5“析读” 6“参照读” 7“视幅过窄” 8“毛病”(bad habits): 教学过程中,发现学生在阅读时常做些不利于阅读的坏动作。有的同学晃头、颠腿、转笔、听音乐、咬指头、趴在桌子上、揪头发等等。,摒弃不良的阅读习惯。,阅读是获得更综合、更复杂、更精确信息的必要手段,考生在做阅读理解时,不仅要看懂文章的字面意思,还需要针对不同题材和体裁的篇目运用不同的方法作出正确的选择。一般来说,词汇、阅读速度和理解能力是阅读理解中三个最重要并
2、且有相互联系的因素。,阅读的方法可以使用以下几种:,1.跳读:就是快速的一步阅读法。实际上是有选择阅读,找关键词。用这种阅读方法回答who、what、when、where之类的问题最为有效。 2.略读:指比跳读慢些的二步阅读法。即泛泛地、粗略地快速阅读,目的是了解大意,对文章有个总的概念。此种阅读方法能回答why、how之类的问题。 3.精读:即最细致、最慢的深层阅读方法,目的是求得对所读文章的全部意义的理解与掌握。,在使用阅读技巧时 尽量做到以下几点:,1.带着问题阅读短文。 2.找出主题句、确定中心思想。3.推断单词、句子和文章的含义。4.尽快选择答案。,(二)不同体裁文章 的特点及解题技
3、巧,1.记叙文 2.说明文 3.应用文,高考英语考试中阅读理解的文章一般有这样几种文体, 即记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文和论述文。 不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次。,体裁分析能力,记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落,文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线,弄清who、what、where、why与how。,体裁分析能力,描写文通过细节的描写以画面的方式来反应事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅速弄清其主题,主题词往往出现在各个句子里,贯穿文章的始末;紧围绕这个主题进行阅读,找到文章与之有关的信息,并确定信息与主题的关系。,体裁分析能力,说明文多见于科普文章,用以解释或揭示事物的
4、状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间的关系,这类文体的文章,首句往往是主题句,开门见山,说明文章的关注对象,弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式;把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。,体裁分析能力,论述文的阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、态度。阅读论述文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入手. 文章的结构往往容易把握,用主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词(signal words或transitional words)和关联词(referents来组织段落、文章.对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的;要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点,同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情
5、色彩的词汇。,体裁分析能力,应用文涉及的范围比较广,包括广告、通知、书信等。应用文一般语言简洁,省略及不规范的句子较多。阅读时一般要求考生全面掌握文章中提供的信息,并运用这些信息去解决问题。因此对题干的理解尤为重要。,体裁分析能力,(三)不同类型问题的 解题方法与技巧,1.主旨大意类题型 2.推测判断类题型 3.细节类题型 4. 猜测词义类题型,1.主旨大意类题型,主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力,提问的内容可能是全文的大意,也可能是某段的段落大意。一般不易在文中直接找到答案。,主旨大意题的提问方式有以下几种:1)The general/main idea of the p
6、assage is about _ 2)Which of the following best states the theme of the passage? 3)In this passage the author discusses primarily _ 4)The passage is mostly about _ 5)The passage is mainly concerned about _ 6)What is the main topic of the passage? 7)What is the best title for the passage? 8)The subje
7、ct discussed in this text is _ 9)The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to 10)The passage is meant to . 11)The purpose of this article is to ,分析题干能力,在解主题大意时,以下方法可供参考。1.认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子或最后一个句子,即段首段尾。2.文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。抓住反复出现的中心词,即高频词,也叫做主题词。(04年全国卷1(河南等)E篇中major出现过八次,尽管其词性、词义有所不同,但它就是
8、关键词)。3.文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。 例如:On the whole , in short, therefore I agree with the opinion that Given all these points above , I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above ,I would prefer,分析题干能力,掌握了找主题句的方法,就可以依据主题句归纳主题。但归纳主题容易出现以下三种错误,需要同学们注意。 1以偏概全。即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题。 2过于
9、笼统。即归纳的主题太泛,与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证。 3把观点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。,分析题干能力,如何寻找主题句,Sample 1People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer
10、vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.,(1)主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文,科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。,Sample 2 Some students prefer a stri
11、ct teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.,(2)主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段
12、内容的结论。,Sample 3Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in han
13、d . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.,(3)在短文中间 当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题, 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.,return,2)解题方法,A.分析篇章结构,找出文章主题 B.全面分析细节,准确概括大意 C.抓住文章主线,归纳文章中心,2.推测判断类题型,要求考生纵观全文,在掌握全文提供的各项信息的基础上进行正确的逻辑推理,推断作者的意图;人物的动机、目的、性格特征;事件的前因后果; 语言中的语气等
14、。此类题属于深层理解题,难度最大。但要取得高分就必须抓好此类考题。,有关推理的试题常常包括以下类型:1) It can be inferred from the text that _. 2) From the text we know that _. 3) The story implies that _. 4) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _. 5) The writers attitude toward.is _. 6)The author implied(suggested)that 7)It ma
15、y be concluded from the passage that 8)Which of the following statements does the passage support? 9)With which of the following does the author agree?,分析题干能力,考作者观点态度的提问方式有: 1)The author seems to think that _. 2)The writer is trying to present a point of view in _. 3)The author wants to appeal to _
16、. 4)The authors style is _ . 5)The authors tone would be best described as _ . 6)What is the authors opinion of _? 7)The writer believe that_? 8) What is the authors main purpose in the passage? 9)In the authors opinion_?,分析题干能力,1.解推断题应注意:(1)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点;(2)推理的根据来自于上下文。,2.解推断题的方法:解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关
17、系推断具体细节。,分析题干能力,确定作者态度,可以有两种思路:1、问全文主体事物的(包括主题),可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度;2、如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度,则可以定位到具体相关句,然后确定答案。,分析题干能力,2)解题方法,A.利用已知信息,进行逻辑推理 B.结合一般常识,分析提供信息 C.注意表层意思,悟出深层含义,A.利用已知信息,进行逻辑推理,推理判断题的答案一般在文中不可能直接找到,但这并不意味着读者可以随意判断。解答此类题时必须充分利用文中所提供的信息进行合乎逻辑的推断。在做这类题时必须要注意两点:第一,要分清题目是问作者的观点还是
18、读者的观点,二者不可混淆。第二,不要脱离原文凭自己意愿乱推测或只凭常识推测。所做出的答案一定要在文中直接或间接找到依据或理由。,B. 结合一般常识,分析提供信息,在对文章进行分析判断时,有时在文章所提供信息的基础上,读者还需要运用一般常识进行合理推断。,C.注意表层意思,悟出深层含义,在进行阅读判断时还要注意在语篇层面上进行深层的连贯性思考,要学会去伪存真、由表及里去推测作者的真正意图。考试中这类题目不多但是难度较大,极易失分 。,Example 1 One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant,“I n
19、eed two small mice and about five dozen roaches (蟑螂) and two spiders.”“What do you need these things for?” the shop assistant was very surprised.“Well,”replied the man,“Im moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.”Q
20、: The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it was _.A. very clean B. just cleaned by the landlordC. tidy and comfortable D. dirty and full of insects,解析:他要搬出所租的房子,而房东要求房屋必须是他租进来时的原样,所以他须买些老鼠和蟑螂等昆虫对房屋进行“恢复”,因此推出答案为D。,Example 2Some people are never right. They never have good lu
21、ck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK,they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.Mr. Neff is different. He is always right. He is
22、 never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them,it is always the fault of the buses or air planes. Mr. Neff knows almost everything. He doesnt ask questions;he answers questions. He never says,“I do
23、nt know.” Q: Which of the following best describes the writers attitude to Mr. Neff?A. He finds Mr. Neff hard to understand.B. He thinks Mr. Neff wonderful.C. He feels pity for Mr. Neff.D. He does not like Mr. Neff.,解析:从作者的语气中我们可以体会他的态度,特别是Even if he does miss them,it is always the fault of the buse
24、s or the airplanes. 误了车或飞机本该是人的失误怎能归咎于车或飞机呢?明显是讥讽,也是暗示他对Mr. Neff的讨厌之情。答案为D。,return,3.细节类题型,细节题的考查每年高考中都有一定比例。一般难度较低,属于浅层理解题,得分率较高。,细节理解题: 细节理解题就是我们常见的wh-题,它们大多是根据 文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案,有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到,比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子,再对相关的部分进行细读,找出正确
25、答案。,此类题型的解题方法是:抓住提问中的关键词,仔细阅读文章中的相关内容,一般可以在文章中直接找到或稍加归纳就可以找到正确答案。,1)常见提问方式,以what, which, where等疑问词开头,后接短文具体内容提问; 以from the text, according to 开头,后接短文具体内容提问; 以某个细节提问; 以true, not true ,false, not false提问; 注意题干中是否含有否定词,如 not, never等.,细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种: 1)Which of the following is NOT true according to th
26、e information in the passage? 2) The author mentions all of the following except . . . 3)Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? 4)The writer mentions all of the items listed below except _. 5) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? 6) What is the example
27、of . . . as described in the passage? 7) The reason for . . .is . . . 8) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) . 9)From the passage we know that _. 10)In the passage, the author states that _.,分析题干能力,1、是非题出题形式: a.三正一误: Which of the following is true except? Which of the follow
28、ing is mentioned except b.三误一正: Which of the following is true? 这种做题方法主要与三正一误的下列问法相联系: Which of the following mentioned except Which of the following is not mentioned?这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常连续出现在同一段,而且往往无列举标志词,如first,second,third等。做题时只需阅读有关段落,根据一个选项中的关键词在其前后找其他两个正确先项,剩下一个原文中未提到的,为正确答案。,分析题干能力,2、例证题 例子为高考阅
29、读理解的常见考点之一,这类题的基本结构为: The author provides in line(或Paragraph)an example in order to 意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。 文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现的位置,但不管如何,这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性的话,这句话就是答案,即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关,则例证主题,答案为主题句。如果例子与段落主题有关,就例证段落主题,则答案为段落主题句;此外,答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。,分析题干能力,3、年代与数字: 这个考点有几种出题方式,但不管以何种形式出
30、现,只要题干问年代与数字,答案就对应于文章中的年代与数字。4、比较: 比较考点的表现形式主要有: a.比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构; b.表示绝对意义的字眼:first(第一),least(最不),most(最)等; c.表示惟一性的词汇:only, unique等; 阅读最好能圈出表示最高级、惟一性和绝对意义的词汇,便于做题时回原文定位。,分析题干能力,5、原因: 这种题的答案在原文通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示: result, reason; result in(结果),result from(由于, baseon(以为基础),be due to (由于); becau
31、se, for, why; as a result, consequently等。 阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意。原文相关句出现的格式都是先说原因,后说结果,而在题干中通常给出结果,就其原因提问。,分析题干能力,Invited by Mr. Ye Huixian, host of the well received TV programme “Stars Tonight”,Miss Luo Lin, Miss Asia of 1991,appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.Born in Sha
32、nghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old, Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess. Before she took part in the competition, she had been an airhostess in Cat hay Airline for seven years. However,it still took her three months to
33、learn the art of walking on the stage, dancing, singing, making-up and other proper manners, designed by the Asia TV Station.“Its really a hard job for me. I wont enter for such competition any more. Anyhow, I am quite lucky. I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare sinc
34、e I won the title. This time, in Shanghai, Id love to make a deep impression on my TV audience, “ said Luo Lin with a sweet smile. Q: Which of the following is NOT true?A. Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B. Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents.C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D.
35、Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.,解析: A、C 和D都可在原文找到答案,而B项原文列的是: taken to Hong Kong可判断不是moved to Hong Kong with her parents,因此选B。,return,在做细节题时一定要具有迅速获取有效信息的能力。按考试说明规定做阅读题的时间是35分钟,但在考试中一般学生做阅读题都超过了这一规定时间。问题在于考生阅读速度太慢,缺乏一定的阅读技巧。,有些阅读材料如新闻报道,故事,应用文体等在阅读时不必逐字逐句去理解,可先进行快速略读(skim)领会文章大概意
36、思,再看题目,然后根据题目要求再扫读(scan)文章,获取相关信息。与题目无关的内容完全不必费时去理会。,4. 猜测词义类题型,在阅读中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年高考中均有此类题目。有的文章尽管没有专门设题,但由于文章中常常出现生词,因此,词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。,常见的考查方式有:,直接猜测某个词的含义 判断文中的某个代词指代的对象 对文中的多义词或短语进行精确定义 对单词在文章中的含义进行猜测和判断,如何根据上下文判断词语的涵义这种题型常见的设题方式有: 1)The underlined word(phrase)in the passage means _ 2
37、)The word “it(them)“in the first paragraph refers to _ 3)The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _ 4)Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph?,分析题干能力,解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。猜测词义的具体方法是:1)从文章 段落 句子的结构去推测词义。 2)借助作者对词义的解释。3)从上下文的对比中猜到词义。4
38、)运用常识进行判断。5)根据生词所在句子的内容断定词义。,根据段落或文章猜测词义,是一种难度较大且复杂的阅读技能。掌握这种技能的关键在于准确全面理解段落或全文的内容,并且灵活地运用猜测句子的多种综合技能,才能达到猜测词义的理想效果。,(一)根据常识、经验猜生词 例如: The old man put on his spectacles and began to read The door was so low that I hit the head on the lintel,猜词能力,(二)根据上下文解释做出判断:其方法主要有:1根据文中的定义、解释猜生词 。例如: Skimming mea
39、ns looking over a passage quickly to get the main idea before you begin to read it carefully The harbor is protected by a jettya wall built out into the water 2利用事例或解释猜生词 。例如: The doctor is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye 3利用重复解释的信息猜生词 。例如: Mr. Smith always arrives home punctually,ne
40、ither early nor late,猜词能力,4根据同位关系进行判断: 阅读中出现一些难词,有时后面就是一个同位语,对前面的词进行解释,这种解释有时也用连词“or”连接。 a)(NMET2001,D篇),and other Germanic and Nordic peoples,who spoke what we now call Anglo-Saxon(or Old English),a Germanic language b)(NMET2002,A篇)The “Chunnel“,a tunnel(隧道)connecting England and France,is now comp
41、lete,猜词能力,(三)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义 One of the obstacles to false reading is vocalizingsaying the words to themselves in a low voice The early scientific study of chemistry,known as alchemy,grew up in Egypt in the first few centuries AD,猜词能力,(四)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择 文章中的代词it,that,he,him或them可以指上文提到的人或物,其中it和that还可
42、以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找;也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结,才能得出代词所指代的事。 例如(NMET2002,A篇)原题第57题: What does the underlined word “it“(paragraph 2)refer to? ADiscovering the moons inner space BUsing the earths inner space CMeeting the “moon people“ again DTraveling to outer space 原文:However,the question that “ moon peo
43、ple“ asked is still an interesting oneA growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it,猜词能力,由此可以看出it指上句中的the question,而the question又指第一段中“月球人“所提的问题。所以根据第一段中的问题“Why are you traveling to outer space when you dont even use your inner space?“就可以判断出答案为B。,(五)根据转折或对比关系进行判断根据上下句的连接词,如:but,howe
44、ver,otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别,从而依据某一句的含义,来确定另一句的含义。分号(;)还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。 He has been getting better,but during the night his condition deteriorated,猜词能力,(六) 根据因果关系进行判断根据原因可以预测结果,根据结果也可以找出原因。 (NMET2001,A篇)Biggest power failure in the citys history All of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted,猜词能力,后
45、一句承接前一句,前一句的原因导致后一句的结果。根据因果关系,停电很可能导致冰淇淋和冷冻食品溶化,所以melted的词义应为“溶化“。,(七)根据构词法(合成、派生、转化)进行判断英语中,有很多词可以在前面加前缀,后面加后缀,从而构成一个词,乍看起来,这个词可能是生词,但掌握了一定的构词法知识,就不难猜出它的词义。 例如(NMET2002,B篇)Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences-but thei
46、r knowledge of organic food is far from complete,猜词能力,我们知道,prefer的意思是“宁愿;愿意“,根据上下文可以判断prefer的名词形式preference的含义应是“偏爱;爱好“。,(八)反义法如 hot and cold, give and receive等,或前句为肯定,后句为否定。总之,词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。,猜词能力,Passage3: Most women in Ghana the educated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old work
47、 to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewi- ves and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved(应得的,值得的). Q: Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “illiterate” A. repeat B. r
48、eiterated C. uneducated D. sick,这段文字中讲到加纳这个国家中的大多数妇女,受过教育的 (educated)和没有受过教育的 (illiterate);住在城市的 (urban)和住在农村的(rural),年轻的(young)和年长的(old)正好是一对对反义词。因此选 C 项。,根据近年来高考阅读理解对同学们提出新的要求,建议同学们在以下几个方面加强自我训练!1猜测熟词新含义 例1: The major market force rests in t he growing population of white collar employees (白领雇员),w
49、ho can afford the new service. 例2: “It was the best night we had ever had”, said Angela Carraro, who runs an Italian restaurant. 猜测熟词含义除了要求同学们有较强的语境分析能力外,还要求同学们有较宽的知识面,对常见有新含义的熟词要弄清其用法,并将这些词进行简要归纳整理 2猜测词性变换新词含义 When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago,how could they even begin to picture modern life? 利用熟词的新词性来抽象词义,关键应在理解原词的基础上,分析它的新词性,并结合原词含义发挥合理想象,从而概括抽象出它的新词义。,