1、Chapter 2 News Headlines,Functions/ Characteristics,Main Contents,Functions & Categorization of Headlines Characteristics of headlines,Functions of Headlines,Summarizing the story Arousing the readers interest Beautifying the newspaper page Indicating how much importance each news item has,Categoriz
2、ation of Headlines,one-column headline-streamer/banner通栏大标题 one-deck headline -four-deck headline 一层题/二层题/四层题 crossline单行题 , flush-left headline靠左齐头形, drop-line or indented head阶梯下坠形 , inverted pyramid form倒金字塔形 , centered headline, jump head转页标题,one-column headline-streamer/banner,inverted pyramid
3、form,flush-left headline,centered headline,drop-line,Features of headlines,Grammatical features Lexical features Rhetorical features,英语报刊新闻标题专讲,Headlinese Part I: Grammatical Features 1. Omission Omission of function words, such as articles, possessive pronouns, be verbs, auxiliary verbs, etc.省略冠词、物
4、主代词、系动词、助动词,等等 37 Killed in Italian Plane Crash = 37 Killed in an Italian Plane Crash Mother, Daughter Share Fulbright Year = (A) Mother (and) Her Daughter Share (a) Fulbright Year 母女同享富布莱特访学年 Three Dead After Inhaling Oven Gas. =Three Are Dead After Inhaling Oven Gas,英语报刊新闻标题专讲,Political Efforts Vi
5、tal to Reform- Party Leader Financier Killed By BurglarsMoscows Food Prices Soaring 1) Combat on the Web 2)TB on the Rise Again in London 保留冠词、连词和系动词等虚词:顾全某些习语或词组的完整性,= Political Efforts Are Vital to ReformParty Leader = (A) Financier Is Killed By Burglars = Moscows Food Prices Are Soaring 网络之战 伦敦地区
6、结核病卷土重来,英语报刊新闻标题专讲,1. Global Poll: Fashion Models “Too Thin” 2. What Declining Registration Rate for PostGrad Exam Mean? 3. Bushs Approval Rating Plunges to New Low 4. Great Wall at Top of “Worlds New Seven Wonders” 5. Both Ends of Films to Be Shortened 6. Lots of Fruit in Childhood Cuts Adult Cance
7、r Risk 7. US, Russia Warned of Repeat of Cold War,英语报刊新闻标题专讲,1. A Global Poll Shows Fashion Models are “Too Thin” (全球调查:时装模特“太瘦”) 2. What Does the Declining Registration Rate for the Post-Grad Exam Mean? (考研热为何降温?) 3. Bushs Approval Rating Plunges to a New Low (布什 支持率跌至历史新低) 4. The Great Wall is at
8、the Top of the “Worlds New Seven Wonders” (长城跻身“世界新七大奇迹”之首)5. Both Ends of Films are to Be Shortened (片头片尾 将“减肥”) 6. Lots of Fruit in ones Childhood Cuts an Adult Cancer Risk (孩提时水果摄入多 成年后癌症风险低) 7. The US and Russia are Warned of a Repeat of the Cold War (俄美受到警告,谨防冷战重现),英语报刊新闻标题专讲,2. Tense 新闻标题中一般不用
9、过去时态,而 采用现在时态 ,使读者阅报时一如现在时态置身于这条新闻事件中,这叫做 “新闻现在时”(Journalistic Present Tense),与文学写作中的 “历史现在时”(Historical Present Tense)实际上完全一样。 新闻用了过去时态,容易给人一种陈旧感,被认为新闻 不“新”。 e.g: Heavy Rain Lashed City vs Heavy Rain Lashes City 一般现在时从形式上来增强报道的新鲜感(Freshness)、现实感(Reality)、 直接感(Immediacy)。,英语报刊新闻标题专讲,2. Tense 此外,标题采用
10、动词的一般现在时还可省去动词过去式构成中常见的“ed”两个字母,节省标题字数。Russian Leader Meets Fidel Castro In Cuba (Russian Leader Meets (Met) Fidel Castro ) In Gunfire, Explosions Rock Mumbai Hotel (Gunfire and Explosions Rocked a Mumbai Hotel) 注意:当标题中出现时间状语时,动词用过去时。例如: Unemployment in U.K. Increased in October 十月份英国失业率上升,英语报刊新闻标题专
11、讲,2. Tense 英语新闻标题中常用的动词时态主要有三种: 一般现在时、现在进行时和一般将来时。对于正在发生的事态或动作,英语新闻标题采 用“Be现在分词”这一形式,但其中“Be” 又通常省略。因此,剩下的ing分词便在新闻标题中直接表示正在进行的动作或正在发展 的事态。例如: BBC Considering Starting Global Television Service (BBC is Considering Starting (the) Global Television Service)Deposits, Loans Rising In Shanghai. (Deposits
12、And Loans Are Rising In Shanghai),英语报刊新闻标题专讲,2. Tense 标题中动词的将来时: 1)will+动词原形 Next Century will Challenge Law of Land 2)更多采用“be动词不定式”,其中be通 常省略,以节省标题字数。即动词不定式 在英语新闻标题中可直接表示未来动作。 例如: Romania to Buy Iran Oil at $35 a Barrel =Romania is to Buy Iran Oil at $35 a BarrelLargest Chinese Trade Delegation to
13、Visit US in Nov. = Largest Chinese Trade Delegation is to Visit US in Nov.,英语报刊新闻标题专讲,3. Voice 英语新闻标题中,动词表示被动语态时,被动语态结构“be过去分词”中的助动词“be” 通常被省略。即,用过去分词直接表示被动语态。同时,“by”和它引出的动作的执行 者也经常省略。如: Journalist Fired in Spy Debate-A Journalist is Fired in a Spy Debate (涉嫌间谍案纠纷 一记者被炒鱿鱼),英语报刊新闻标题专讲,3. Voice 其实,英文新
14、闻标题使用动词的主动语态的频 率远远超过被动语态。只有在事件或动作的接受者比执行者更重要时才使用被动语态,突出强调宾语部分,引起读者注意。 Europe Tested by Financial Crisis (Europe is Tested by Financial Crisis) 33 Killed in Northeast India Fighting (33 are Killed in Northeast India Fighting),英语报刊新闻标题专讲,4. Punctuation 英语新闻标题一贯注重结构精练,不使用标点的情况占了绝大多数。 例如,使用陈述句的标题都省略句号。即
15、便使用某个标点符号,其主要目的不外乎两种: 1. 区分表示各句子成分或意群之间的 关系; 2. 进一步节省标题字数。,英语报刊新闻标题专讲,4. Punctuation 1)、逗号(comma)常被用来代替连词“and”,表示并列成分之间的停顿。 例如: 表示并列成分之间的停顿。Guangzhou Fair Closes, Trade Booms =The Guangzhou Fair Closes And The Trade Booms (广交会闭幕 交易量火爆) 2)、冒号(colon)除了用在引语之前表示“说” 外,还经常被用来代替联系动词“Be”。 例如:Health Survey:
16、New Yorker Fitter, Slimmer =Health Survey says (that) New Yorker is Fitter and Slimmer (健康调查称纽约人更加健康和苗条) Shanghai: Resplendent Pearl Of New China. =Shanghai Is A Resplendent Pearl Of New China (上海:新中国的璀璨明珠),英语报刊新闻标题专讲,4. Punctuation 3)、破折号(dash) 主要用于在引进某一说法时,破折号交代说话者身份,既可以表示引语本身可能比说话人更重要, 又可使标题内容更加直
17、接、真实。例如:Political Efforts Vital to Reform Party Leader = Party Leader says that Political Efforts Are Vital to Reform World Unity Against Terrorism NeededBrown =Brown says that World Unity Against Terrorism is Needed (布朗表示:全世界需联手反恐),英语报刊新闻标题专讲,4. Punctuation 4)、用分号(semicolon) 表示两层意思。 The Gay-Marriag
18、e Flap; The Government is out of Step (also Rhyme) (同性婚姻遭抨击;政府背离公众舆论) 5)、用单引号代替双引号(single/double quotation marks) Irans nuclear threat hyped, says UN watchdog (联合国观察机构表示:伊朗核威胁被“夸大”),英语报刊新闻标题专讲,Part II: Wording Features 英语新闻标题大都喜欢选用:字形短小、音节不多而意义又比较广泛的词 优势: 1. 不但可节省、美化版面,还可增强新闻的简洁性和可读性 2. 这些小词均为带有新闻体特
19、色的词汇,并且词义范畴很宽,新闻英语称这类词为“万能同义词”(synonyms of all work)。 1. Allowance to be cut in 200,000 families (政府消减津贴波及二十万家庭) 比较:reduced 2. Reshuffle axes Frances cabinet (法国政府改组 阁员人数锐减) 比较:reduce drastically,大量使用简短词,Six Die in Moscow Bomb Blast (6人在莫斯科炸弹爆炸中死亡,blast=explosion)Annan Reaches Bagdad in Last-Minute
20、Peace Bid (安南抵达巴格达做最后一刻的和平努力,bid=attempt)Pioneer Colleges Face Axe (一些实验学院面临砍削, axe= dispensation) Moscows Food Price Soaring (莫斯科食品价格飞涨,soar=increase dramatically)Sino-US Venture Expands Biz in China (中美合资企业扩大在中国业务,biz=business),英语报刊新闻标题专讲,accord=agreement(协议)aidassistance(帮助)aim=purpose(目的) arms=
21、weapons (武器) blastexplosion(爆炸) bodycommittee, commission (委员会)dealagreement, transaction (协议,交易)nodapproval(许可,批准),flopfailure(失败) freezestabilization(物价、 工资等)冻结) gems jewels (珠宝;首饰) pactagreement, treaty(条约, 协议) pollelection, public opinion poll(投票选举,民意测验),英语报刊新闻标题专讲,probeinvestigation(调查) envoyam
22、bassador(大使)fakecounterfeit(赝品,骗局)fetecelebration(庆祝(活动)feudstrong dispute(严重分歧),pulloutwithdrawal(撤退,撤 离) riftseparation(隔离,分离) setready(准备)stepprogress(进程,进步)strifeconflict(冲突,矛盾) talk=negotiation(谈判)ties(diplomatic) relations (外交)关系),英语报刊新闻标题专讲,Part II: Wording Features - 缩略词 作用&特点:既可节省版面标题词数,又能更
23、好地提示新 闻内容,使人读来颇感简洁易记,还可使版面编排减少沉闷之感。 无论是常见的还是陌生的,其全称一般均能 在消息正文的第一段即导语(lead)中找到, 不解之处便可迎刃而解了。e.g.:1. Xi Jinping appointed Vice-chairman of CMC (习近平当选中央军委副主席) CMC Central CMC:Central Military Commission 2. G20 FM meeting closes with agreement on IMF reform, exchange rates (20国集团财长会议闭幕,就国际货币基金 组织改革及汇率问题
24、达成一致) G20: the Group of 20 FM: Finance Minister IMF: International Monetary Fund,英语报刊新闻标题专讲,Part II: Wording Features - 缩略词 英语新闻标题中经常出现的缩略词主要分为三类: 1、组织机构等专有名称 CPPCC=Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference 中国人民政治协商会议 UNESCOUnited Nations Educational, Scientific And Cultural Organization联合国教
25、科文组织 IMFInternational Monetary Fund国际货币基金组织 ASEANAssociation Of Southeast Asian Nations 东南亚国家联盟(东盟) OPECOrganization Of Petroleum Exporting CountriesIOCInternational Olympic Committee 石油输出国组织 NASANational Aeronautics And Space Administration 美国国家航空和宇宙航行局IAEA= International Atomic Energy Agency国际原子能组
26、织,英语报刊新闻标题专讲,2、常见事物名称:Aids(艾滋病)【获得性免疫功能丧失综合症】UFO DJICPI PRSDI GMT JV IPR,(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Unidentified Flying Object Dow-Jones Index =Consumer Price Index Public RelationsSALTStrategic Arms Limitation Talks(限制战 略武器会谈) Strategic Defense Initiative(战略防御措施) Greenwich Mean Time =Join
27、t Venture =Intellectual Property Rights,英语报刊新闻标题专讲,3、职业、职务或职称的简称,如MP(议员)。 CMO= Chief Market Officer 首席市场总监 CTO= Chief Technology Office 首席技术官 COO= Chief Operating Officer 首席运营官 TPTraffic Policeman交通警察 PAPersonal Assistant私人助理FM= Foreign Minister 外长; Finance Minister 财长 DM= Defense Minister 国防部长 GMGe
28、neral Manager总经理 CFO= Chief Financial Officer 首席财务官,4.灵活使用新词,如snake head(蛇头),telephone harassment(电话骚扰),junk mail(垃圾邮件),elevated highways(高架道路),talk show(访谈节目;谈话类节目),down payment(首付款),maglev train(磁悬浮列车),cyberlove(网恋),eco-friendly car(环保车),selling points(卖点),suicide bomber(人体炸弹),big city ills(都市病),r
29、eality show(真人秀)等新词,无一不是通过报刊等媒介传播后为人们所熟知的。 -gate(门)成了表示scandal(丑闻)的后缀,许多新词被造了出来,如克林顿的性丑闻拉链门事件(Zippergate),查尔斯王子的性丑闻“卡米拉(情妇)丑闻”(Camillagate)。,如:Astro-tourism Blasts off in Space Race II (astro-tourism太空旅游) Stagflation in Moscow (stagflation滞涨) Court Backs Transsexuals Rights (transsexuals变性人),英语报刊新闻标
30、题专讲,Part III: Rhetorical Features 标题修辞的作用: 生动有力、鲜明形象、引人注目。 1)头韵 (Alliteration/Initial Rhyme/Head Rhyme)e.g.:The sun sank slowly a. Protestants Protest ( The Sunday Times, July 9, 2000) 新教徒示威抗议。b. Serena Sinks Sister for Success小威战胜 大威赢得胜利 (每个单词的第一个字母都是“S”, 使用的是头韵手法。声调的铿锵有力渲染了气 氛, 引起读者注意。),英语报刊新闻标题专讲
31、,Part III: Rhetorical Features 2)尾韵:又称押韵。(Rhyme)witty/pretty; love/above;Dating and Mating for Over-35s 利用词尾读音相同, 意义相辅或相悖的词组成标题, 达到音韵和谐, 表意鲜明, 突出的效果。如: a. Construction in Scenic spot: Protection or Destruction( Beijing Review Oct.17, 2002 P26) 景点建筑: 是保护还是破坏。 b. The lost, the best ( Shanghai Star, Ma
32、rch27- April 2, 2003) 失去的是最好的。描写人们的怀旧心理。c. After The Boom, Everything Is Gloom (押韵)繁华好景不再, 萧条接踵而来。,英语报刊新闻标题专讲,Part III: Rhetorical Features 3) 比喻:标题中运用比喻, 使新闻中的人物和事件更为鲜明突出。标题通常使用暗喻(Metaphor) a: Children Under Parents Wing( China Daily, Oct.8, 2002) 文章讲述美国中学发生枪击事件后, 许多家长亲自送孩子上学。原文标题中形象地用翅膀来比喻父母的保护, 读
33、者接受这种喻体, 可直译为: 父母“翅膀”底下的孩子。 b: Catching the Asian Flu 华尔街患上亚洲流感 (In 1998, Asian Financial Crisis spread to Wall Street.) c: Middle East:A Cradle of Terror 中东:恐怖主义的摇篮,英语报刊新闻标题专讲,a. No OPEL, No Hope? (失去欧宝,无宝可压?) b. Tiny Islands, big dispute (小岛屿,大争端) c. Ordinary Folks, Heroic Acts( 寻常百姓, 非凡作为) d. Yao
34、 Ming: NBA Giant is Big in U.S., Bigger in China(姚明:NBA巨人在美国受欢迎,在中国更 受欢迎)big: 美语中口语意为大受欢迎popular, 与giant相呼应,很容易使人联想起与语境关系密 切的“大个子”“大人物”等含义,使整个标题 活泼有趣,效果远胜普通的popular e. Microsoft to Open a New Window,Sex and the City (film),There are thousands, maybe tens of thousands of women like this in the city.
35、We all know them, and we all agree theyre great. They travel. They pay taxes. Theyll spend $400 on a pair of Manolo Blahnik strappy sandals. And theyre alone. Its like the riddle of the Sphinx. Why are there so many great unmarried women and no great unmarried men?,Figures of Speech in English News
36、Titles,各种修辞格 使用习语典故 使用俚语俗语,各种修辞格,在简洁的原则下追求吸引性。 修辞种类繁多,英语标题中常使用的有比喻、头韵、对比、借代、讽刺、双关、重复、夸张等修辞格。,例如:Peis Pyramids Puzzle Paris (贝氏的金字塔使巴黎困惑不解),这是时代周刊报道巴黎的著名艺术宫殿罗浮宫的扩建和改建的一篇文章的标题,此项工程选择了著名建筑师、美籍华人贝聿铭(I. M. Pei)的设计方案,其中有一组构思奇特、匠心独运的金字塔。这篇文章标题里的四个词都以“p”开头形成头韵,作者标题的灵感很可能来自贝氏(Pei)、金字塔(pyramid)、巴黎(Paris)这三个词,
37、而作者的匠心表现在他所选用的“puzzle”一词,它不仅使标题构成了头韵,而且表现出贝氏作品的惊人程度。,Fit or Fat? 健康还是肥胖? Democracy of the Big Stick 大棒民主Slow Lane Is Safest on Currency Issue 在货币问题上,走慢车道最安全Hollywood Survives 美国电影业复苏了 Europe Is Alive and Kicking 欧洲富有活力Soccer Kicks off with Violence 足球开踢 拳打脚踢Pain in Spain 西班牙的痛苦,To Buy or Not to Buy
38、Is the Question for Homebuyers A Tale of Two HeartsFarewell to SARS,使用习语典故,英语标题的制作要尽量追求语言的生动活泼,要充满趣味性和幽默感。为了实现这个目的,标题中还经常使用各种习语典故,体现文化蕴味,以增强标题语言的表达力。例如: To Buy or Not to Buy Is the Question for Homebuyers 买还是不买是购房人的大心事 A Tale of Two Hearts 双心记Farewell to SARS 永别了 非典 出自莎士比亚的名剧Hamlet中的To be or not to
39、bethat is the question; 标题是模仿狄更斯的名著A Tale of Two Cities这本书的书名; 标题是模仿海明威的名著Farewell to Arms这本书的书名而制作。,使用俚语俗语,新闻标题为吸引读者,还时常使用俚语俗语,以营造一种活泼风趣的氛围。所以,一些形象化的俚语和俗语在英语标题中不断出现,不仅使标题生动活泼,而且还妙趣横生。例如: Florida Court Oks Proposed Office Smoking Ban 佛州法院通过办公室禁止吸烟提案 Iraq Gets OK to Sell $1.6 Billion in Oil 伊拉克获准出售16
40、亿美元石油 The Economic Slide 经济滑坡,Form Features of English News Titles,词组型标题 句子型标题,词组型标题,英语新闻中大量使用词组型标题的主要原因还是为了节省版面和篇幅。词组型标题主要有:名词+后置修饰语(如动词不定式、介词短语、副词短语、形容词短语、分词短语等)、动名词短语、名词+名词等结构。例如: Blog Reading 博客火爆美国 Fifth Death from Bird Flu: WHO 世界卫生组织称第5人死于禽流感 Time to Kick the Habit 该戒掉恶习了 Reining in House Pri
41、ces 控制房屋价格 Growing with China 和中国一起成长 Home at Last 到底还是回来了 Great Leap Skyward 迈向太空的一大步,句子型标题,不完全句标题 Similar Name, Different Fates 公司名称相同 命运不同 Illicit Drug Dealers Executed 贩毒分子被处决500 Dead in Iranian Earthquake 500人死于伊朗地震 Airbus Roaring to Rival Boeing 空中客车迅速崛起 挑战波音公司 Beijing to Fire Test Rocket to S
42、outh Pacific 中国将向南太平洋发射实验火箭,简单句标题,President Calls Crew Members of Space Shuttle Discovery 美国总统布什与“发现”号宇航员通话The London Bombings Will Cost the UK up to 3 Billion Pounds 伦敦连环爆炸经济损失将达30亿英镑Germany Reclaims Einstein as Their Hero 德国重封爱因斯坦为“国家英雄” CPC,KMT Leaders Vow to End Hostility Across the Straits 国共两党
43、领导人决心结束两岸敌视状态Education Gap Widens in Europe 欧洲教育差距拉大 Islamic Groups Call for End to Riots 伊斯兰组织呼吁结束暴力,复合句标题,China to Fight the Big Bullying the Small, Vows Hu Jintao 胡锦涛誓言中国反对以大压小 Protect People “Power”, Says Arroyo 阿罗约:保护人民的权利Ninth Person Dies as Air Travel Spreads Pneumonia 第九人死于航空传播的肺炎 Its All Ov
44、er, Say Gore Advisers 戈尔助手:一切都结束了Go-It-Alone US Fails to Heed September 11 Lesson, Says Keating 澳前总理抨击美国 无视“9.11”教训 一意推行单边政策New Letters Revealed Cliton Shunned Draft 有信件表明克林顿逃避服兵役Four Injured as Plane Skids off Runway 飞机滑出跑道 四人受伤,Homework,1. Add the missing words to each of the headlines below and t
45、ranslate the headlines into Chinese. 3 in 10 Mid-Life Couples Abandon Sex for Stress from Life. Police Rush to Shut Down Performance by Underdressed Actresses. Chinese Stocks Sink to Record Low amid Growing Inflation Concerns.,2. Give a shorter word with similar meaning of the following words. attem
46、pt explode agreement negotiation reduce,3. Give the complete terms of the following initials and translate them into Chinese. WHO NASA WMD NPC ATM,4. Give the complete forms of the following shortenings and translate them into Chinese. exec Interpol expo quake vic,5. Give the origins of the journali
47、stic coinages below and translate them into Chinese dawk stagflation sitcom Chinglish guestimate,6. Translate the following headlines into Chinese G.O. P. Facing Tougher Battle for Congress Savers Vault from the Banks to a Safe Place at Home,7. Translate the following headlines into English 奥麦开辩, 民调青睐奥巴马 全球竞争力报告显示:中国继续领跑“金砖四国” 冰岛深陷金融风暴,面临“国家破产”,Thank You!,