1、高等学校英语拓展系列教程,主 编：任书梅 王璐,副主编：曹颖,外语教学与研究出版社,Chapter 5,生产与运作,Production and Operations,Quality Management 质量管理,Lecture Outline,What Is Production and Operations? 什么是生产与运作？,Plant Location 厂址的选定,Production Processes 生产工艺,Materials Management, Purchasing and Inventory Control 物料管理、采购、库存控制,Controlling Prod
2、uction: Scheduling 控制生产：制订计划,Productivity 生产率,Modern Production Techniques 现代生产技术,How do your parents or you make dumplings? Can you describe the whole process how to prepare, what ingredients are needed, how to make the fillings, and what the steps are that lead to the final products?How do the clo
3、thing factory, restaurant, and bakery respectively produce their products? Does the university also produce its products? Why?,Lead-in Activities, First, make the filling. You can choose your favorite meat, say pork, beef, or mutton, chop it up and mix it with chopped vegetables. Meanwhile you had b
4、etter put in seasonings such as salt, soy sauce, pepper, chopped green onion and ginger to get your favorite flavor. Stir the ingredients in a container well to make them evenly mixed.,Additional Info,Lead-in Activities,How to Make Dumplings?, Second, make the dough. You should measure your wheat fl
5、our to go with the filling, put it in a container, pour water hit by bit, stir it to make it sticky, then let it rest for about 20 minutes. After that you can cut part of the dough and put it on board, knead it and cut it into small pieces. You press each piece with the palm of your hand slightly an
6、d then roll it with a rolling pin into a round piece.,Additional Info,Lead-in Activities,How to Make Dumplings?, Finally comes the stage of folding the dough to make dumplings. You should hold a dough piece horizontally in your left hand, put a suitable amount of filling onto the central part, fold
7、the side around the filling, press the upper-central part of it firmly and make firm and nice lace from left to right around the fold edge to make your finished product better-looking and free from leakage.,Additional Info,Lead-in Activities,How to Make Dumplings?,Introduction of POM, Production and
8、 operations management (POM) is the management of an organizations production system. A production system takes inputs and converts them into outputs. The conversion process is the predominant activity of a production system. The primary concern of an operations manager is the activities of the conv
9、ersion process.,Additional Info,What Is Production and Operations?,Production, Production is the process of transforming inputs such as raw materials into outputs such as goods and services. Production is not limited to the manufacture of goods; it applies to both the service and the manufacturing s
10、ectors of the economy.,Manufacturing,Operations, Manufacturing means making goods by hand or with machinery as opposed to extracting things from the earth (mining, fishing); services are not manufactured., Operations are the functions needed to keep the company producing, literally any function or s
11、eries of functions introduced to carry out a strategic plan.,What Is Production and Operations?,Production Process, Production process involves three phases: (1) input, (2) transformation, and (3) output.,What Is Production and Operations?,Inputs, The inputs are those resources that will be needed t
12、o produce the desired goods or services.,What Is Production and Operations?,Transformation,Transformation consists of those production activities that take the inputs and combine them in some special way to produce the output.,What Is Production and Operations?,Output,The output is the final result
13、of the production process.,What Is Production and Operations?, In what way might the production process for manufacturing automobile be similar to that for making television sets? Do all production processes have the same three phases of input, transformation, and output? Explain using examples.,Que
14、stions for Discussion,What Is Production and Operations?,Plant Location,Most companies will choose a site based on such important factors as:,Customer location,Source of raw materials,Labor supply,Power and water,Community environment,Customer Location,Firms that must locate close to their customers
15、 are: those producing perishable items like bread and cake; those in industries where competitive advantage depends on rapid delivery; those that sell heavy or bulky products, such as bricks or automobiles.,Plant Location,Source of Raw Materials, Steel mills place their plants near their source of r
16、aw materials. Firms in the food-canning business locate near their raw materials because of the perish ability factor.,Plant Location,Labor Supply, All production operations require some manpower. Firms should locate their facilities at least within commuting distance of the people who will supply i
17、t. This is especially important in the case of those companies that need highly skilled people.,Plant Location,Power and Water, Some firms such as aluminum, chemical, and fertilizer companies must locate in areas having sufficient power to meet their needs. Other firms require a location near water,
18、 such as companies that make paper.,Plant Location,Community Environment, In plant location the company also needs to look at the services available in the community. Some cities and towns will offer low taxes. Others offer fine educational systems and comfortable living conditions, such as clean ai
19、r, clean water, and a low cost of living. And some will provide special services to a business that will locate there, such as extending the city water and sewerage lines out to the plant for free.,Plant Location, When would you expect a firm to set up its plant close to its customers? Do all compan
20、ies locate near their source of raw materials? Why or why not? Of the five factors listed in this section, which is most important in choosing the plant location?,Plant Location,Questions for Discussion,Production Processes,There are several different processes that manufacturers use to produce good
21、s.,The manufacturing process means physically or chemically changes to materials.,The assembly process puts together components to make a product.,These two processes are called synthetic systems.,Synthetic Process, The synthetic process either converts raw materials into other products (manufacturi
22、ng process) or combine raw materials or parts into a finished product (assembly process).,Analytic Process, An analytic process breaks down raw materials into components to extract other products.,Production Processes,Continuous Process, A continuous process (连续性加工) is one in which massive productio
23、n is carried out over time. It is a flow production method used to manufacture, produce, or process materials without interruption. Production workers in continuous production commonly work in rotating shifts.,Production Processes,Production processes are either continuous or intermittent.,Intermitt
24、ent Process, An intermittent production process uses the customers orders to produce goods. The process is not continuous. Manufacturers of custom-designed (为用户定 制的) furniture would use an intermittent process. Computers, robots, and flexible manufacturing processes allow firms to turn out custom-ma
25、de goods.,Production Processes, Can you explain the differences among the following concepts: manufacturing process, assembly process, analytic process, continuous process, and intermittent process? Give examples to illustrate the production processes.,Questions for Discussion,Production Processes,M
26、aterials Management, Materials are inputs to production or manufacturing. Materials requirements planning (MRP) is a computer-based system that uses sales forecasts to make sure that needed parts and materials are available at the right place and the right time.,Material, Purchasing and Inventory Co
27、ntrol,Materials Management, MRP II, an advanced version of MRP that allows plants to include all the resources involved in the efficient making of a product, including projected sales, personnel, plant capacity, and distribution limitations. MRP II is called, in contrast, manufacturing resource plan
28、ning (制造资源计划) because the planning involves more than just material requirements.,Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control,Materials Management, Enterprise resource planning (ERP) (企业资源 计划), the latest version of MRP, is a computer-based production and operations system that links multiple firms i
29、nto one integrated production unit. ERP is much more sophisticated than MRP II because it monitors processes in multiple firms at the same time.,Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control,Materials Management, Such programs will link suppliers, manufacturers, and retailers in a completely integrated
30、 manufacturing and distribution system that will be constantly monitored for the smooth flow of goods from the time that they are ordered to the time they reach the ultimate consumer.,Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control,Purchasing, Purchasing is the function in the company that searches for q
31、uality material resources, locates the best suppliers, and negotiates the best price for quality goods and services. The relationship between suppliers and manufacturers is much closer, with suppliers often locating their facilities near the manufacturer.,Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control,P
32、urchasing, The purchasing department is responsible for locating such suppliers, negotiating long-term contracts with them with the best price.,Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control,Inventory Control, Inventory refers to a list of goods and materials held available in stock. Manufacturing organ
33、izations usually divide their inventory into three parts: Materials and components scheduled for use in making a product; Materials and components that have begun their transformation to finished products; Finished products that are ready for sale to customers.,Material, Purchasing and Inventory Con
34、trol, One major cost of production is holding parts, motors, and other items in warehouses. To cut such costs, the Japanese implemented a concept called just-in-time (JIT) inventory control. The idea is to have suppliers deliver their products “just in time” to go on the assembly line. A minimum of
35、inventory is kept on the premises.,Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control,Inventory Control,Inventory Control, How JIT works?A manufacturer sets a production schedule using ERP and determines what parts and supplies will be needed. It then informs its suppliers of what will be needed. The suppli
36、ers must deliver the goods just in time to go on the assembly line. A bare minimum must be kept in storage just in case the delivery is held up for some reason.,Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control, The latest version JIT II: there is much more sharing of information. An employee from the supp
37、lier may work full-time at the buyers plant handling the smooth flow of materials. ERP and JIT systems make sure the right materials are at the right place, at the right time, and at the lowest cost to meet both customer and production needs.,Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control,Inventory Cont
38、rol, What is enterprise resource planning? What are its advantages compared to MRP and MRP II? Describe some advantages and disadvantages of just-in-time inventory control. How would you, as a manager in a large firm with many plants, implement a JIT system?,Questions for Discussion,Material, Purcha
39、sing and Inventory Control, A schedule is a representation of the time necessary to carry out a particular task. A job schedule shows the plan for a particular job. It is created through reviews which determine the method and time required.,Controlling Production: Scheduling, Scheduling can have a m
40、ajor impact on the productivity of a process. The purpose of scheduling is to minimize the production time and costs, by telling a production facility what to make, when, with which staff, and on which equipment. A master production schedule (总生产进度)will show when the manager plans to produce each pr
41、oduct and in what quantities.,Controlling Production: Scheduling, In preparing a production schedule, attention needs to be paid to: delivery dates (when finished products are due); job schedules for each relevant production task; capacities of production sections or departments involved; efficiency
42、 of these production sections or departments; planned holidays. anticipated sickness/absenteeism/training; availability of raw materials, components and packaging.,Controlling Production: Scheduling,Scheduling, PERT is a method for analyzing the tasks involved in completing a given project, estimati
43、ng the time needed to complete each task, and identifying the minimum time needed to complete the total project.,Controlling Production: Scheduling,PERT Charts, The steps involved in using PERT are: analyzing and sequencing tasks that need to be done; estimating the time needed to complete each task
44、; drawing a PERT network illustrating the information from the first two steps; identifying the critical path.,Controlling Production: Scheduling,PERT Charts, The critical path (关键路线)is the sequence of tasks that takes the longest time to complete. This word critical is used in this term because a d
45、elay in the time needed to complete this path would cause the project or production line to be late.,Controlling Production: Scheduling,PERT Charts,Controlling Production: Scheduling,PERT Charts, The minimum amount of time it will take to produce this video is 15 weeks. To calculate that number, you
46、 add the week it takes to pick a star and a song, to the four weeks to design a set, the two weeks to purchase set materials, the six weeks to construct the set, the week before rehearsals, and the final week when the video is made. Thats the critical path.,Controlling Production: Scheduling,PERT Ch
47、arts,Additional Info, Any delay in that process will delay the final video. Delays in other processes (e.g., selection and choreographing dancers and costume design) wouldnt necessarily delay the video because there are more weeks in the critical path than are needed for those processes.,Controlling
48、 Production: Scheduling,PERT Charts,Additional Info, What should you take into consideration when you prepare a production schedule? Draw a PERT chart for making a breakfast of three-minute eggs, buttered toast, and coffee. Which process would be the critical path, the longest process? Develop a PER
49、T chart that depicts your plans for a college education. What events should be noted?,Questions for Discussion,Controlling Production: Scheduling, Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are totally automated production centers that include robots, automatic materials handling equipment, and computer-controlled machine tools that can perform a variety of functions to produce different products. A successful example is the National Bicycle Industrial Co., a subsidiary of Japanese electronic giant Matsushita.,
