1、Targeting,Successful WritingRosalynzhao ,Requirements,Mobile-phone Attendance Assignment Participation Notebook,Unit 1,General (I) - Paragraph,Paragraph,what exactly is a paragraph? And what is a good paragraph?,II.1 Topic Sentence,Definition - A sentence that names the topic of the paragraph and co
2、ntains a controlling idea is called T.S.,Topic,Controlling idea,1. Selecting a general topic（subject） 2. Reading and thinking 3. Narrowing down the scope of your topic to a facets which can be developed into a research paper 4. Formulating the final topic,Choosing a topic,subject,topic,Is my topic:,
3、1. too limited? 2. too broad? 3. too technical? 4. yesterdays news? 5. too controversial? 6. likable enough?,Try to tell what are those following sentences belongs to, subject or topic?,Try to tell what are those following sentences belongs to, subject or topic?,1. Alternative fuels. 2. Henry Fords
4、development of the assembly line resulted in the mass production of cars. 3. Americas legal system. 4. America needs a flat tax. 5. Butterflies. 6. Is intelligence determined by nature or by nurture?,subject,subject,subject,topic,topic,topic,Unsatisfactory Topics,1. The major poets, painters, and dr
5、amatists of the Renaissance: - too broad and can not be completed within the time allocated,Unsatisfactory Topics,2. America should lower the drinking age. - boring or written about too often. 3. There are many different theories to explain the disappearance of the dinosaurs. -too broad and can not
6、be completed within the time allocated. 4. America needs stronger control laws. - boring or written about too often.,Unsatisfactory Topics,5. Nanoscale “trees” improve efficiency in low-cost plastic solar cells. - unfamiliar to you, so you can not write about it knowledgeably.,Good Topics,1. Media p
7、roducers should prosecute people who download copyrighted music2. Students should be placed in classes according to their academic ability, not their age 3. Why my father/ mother is my hero,Interesting, 2 sides (pro & against), sufficient information,Unusual, enough information, fresh, narrow & broa
8、d enough,Interesting, narrow, easy research, sufficient details,Try to do the exercises in P3,Try to narrow down the scope and make them specific topics on which you can write a paper.,1. General topic: 20th Century American NovelistsRestricted: More restricted:Topic chosen: 2. General topic: The Lo
9、st Generation WritersRestricted: More restricted:Topic chosen:,Hemingway and His Works,Hemingway and His Short Stories,Old People in Hemingways Short Stories,F. Scott Fitzgeralds Novels,Fitzgerald and His The Great Gatsby,Gatsbys Death and the Disillusionment of the American Dream,Criteria for your
10、final topic,1. meaningful and serious 2. within the range of your abilities 3. sufficient materials are available 4. can be treated objectively 5. not too topical One final suggestion: do not be too eager to settle on any single topic immediately. Youd better have 2-3 possibilities in mind.,Criteria
11、 for your T.S,1. It is a complete sentence. 2. It contains both a topic and a controlling idea. 3. It is neither too general nor too specific. 4. Objective,Exercise P4-5 Conclusion,The position of a topic sentence may vary according to the organizational structure used. For beginners, there are 3 ba
12、sic positions to place the T.S.1. beginning of a paragraph2. at the end3. in the middle If there is no T.S at the end of a paragraph, there should be a concluding sentence there, it either restates the controlling idea or draws an inference（conclusion）. A paragraph is not complete if it is not prope
13、rly ended.,What is a good paragraph?,Unity,coherence,Transition,Length,Unity,Unity is the essential quality of a good paragraph. A well-written paragraph has only one point to make, and every sentence in the paragraph develops that single idea. A well-written paragraph does not include unnecessary d
14、etails, nor does it turn off in unexpected directions Examples - Sample 1Sample 2 Exercises - P11,Coherence,There is no gaps or confusing leaps between ideas. Sentences should be arranged in a clear, logical order and the transitions should be smooth and natural. 4 methods to achieve coherence: Repe
15、tition of keywords and phrases Transitional Signals Pronouns Repetition of sentence patterns,To link ideas together:Second, next ,third, besides, finally, moreover, furthermore, in addition, andTo indicate time:after, later, first, next, then, afterward, from then on, meanwhile, while, untilTo give
16、examples:such as, for example, for instance, to illustrateTo show similarity:likewise, also, in the same way, similarly, too, in the same manner,To show contrast: but ,although, however, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, whereas, while yet To show causation:because, as , since
17、, due to, for, for this reason, now that, owing to To show consequence: Therefore, as a result, consequently, thus , accordingly,To emphasize or restate: above all, after all, in fact, as a matter of fact, particularly, that is to say, namely, in other words, especially, indeed, as a matter of fact
18、To conclude a point: To sum up, to summarize, to conclude, in a word, in conclusion, in brief, in short, in summary,Review the Unit,T.S Supporting Sentences Concluding Sentences,3 main parts,Repetition of keywords and phrases Transitional Signals Pronouns Repetition of sentence patterns,4 basic ways
19、 coherence,Keys,P10 Task 3.1) A person can look for a job in several ways.2) Penguins resemble human beings in many respects.3) Ones personality plays an important role in foreign language learning. 4) Living in the place where the wheather is always warm has many advantages. Task 41) All inventions
20、 are either basic inventions or improvements on earlier inventions.,P11 Task 4 2) There was serious accident in the chemistry lab yesterday. 3) Nutritional dificiency is a major problem of the elderly. Task 5 1) the first sentence 2) the first sentence Task 6 T.S.- 5 sequence - 5 7 4 1 6 9 8 3 2 Tas
21、k 7 Task 8 略,Quiz,1. Please write down the 4 features of a good topic sentence, 2. Please write down the 4 methods of achieving coherence. 3. Please give the transitional signals in the following groups. To link ideas together To show sequence To give examples To show similarity To show contrast To emphasize To make conclusion,
