1、,Main contents:(semantic field) 1.）definition of hyponymy 2. ） superordinate and hyponym 3. ） relationship between superordinate and hyponym 4. ） use of superordinate and hyponym 5. ） meronymy,semantic field theory 语义场理论vocab. of a language is not just a listing of independent items, but organized i
2、nto areas or fields, the members of which are joined together by some common semantic component. ( Jost Trier / German 1930s),words of a semantic field are not synonyms but are joined together by some common semantic componentwords in the same semantic field may have a number of collocations in comm
3、onpork /beef -fry,stew, roast,raw,3. Hyponymy 词与词之间的上下义关系,(hierarchical classifications) 3.1.Hyponymy-semantic inclusion语义内包）- relationship which obtains between general and specific lexical items(between the genus（类概念） and the species（种概念）.,Note:*-grammatical structure:He likes dogs and other anima
4、ls. There is no flower more beautiful than a rose. I like all fruits except bananas. She reads books all day-mostly novels.,MoveWalk run jog swim fly,3.2. superordinate and hyponym上义词/下义词superordinate or upper term:-the more inclusive wordshyponym, lower term or subordinate:-the more specific words
5、kinship: father /mother/brother/cousin process of cooking: roast, boil, cook, grill,Furniture bed,table,sofa.chair（co-hyponym共下义词） -set of terms which are hyponyms of the same superordinateterm.,3.3. relationship between superordinate and hyponym: relative Living(plant ) (animal ) (tree flower bush
6、) (tiger wolf sheep )(pine oak maple ) ram ewe lamb (white pine/ yellow pine ),3.4. use of superordinate and hyponym General terms :vague / trite ( thing, go) -Specific words - add force , clarity,and evoke vivid pictures. walk,* meronymy(局部与整体关系）Meronymy-a term used to describe a part-whole relatio
7、nship between lexical items.cover/page bookX is part of Y. A page is part of a book.Y has X. A book has pages.(hierarchical classifications.),代表整体的词：holonym 代表局部的词：meronym 属于局部的词: co-meronyms共局部词 e.g: book: holonym cover/page: co-meronyms 共局部词,Plantleaf, bud, stem, root, flower, shootPetal stamen,4.
8、 synonymy 词与词之间的同义关系,Main contents:4.1.definition of synonymy 4.2. sources of synonyms 4. 3. kinds of synonyms# differences between relative synonyms 4.4. effects of synonyms,4.1. definition of synonymy synonymy :-refers to the sameness relation between words. Synonym:-a word that is equivalent in s
9、ense to another word.,4.1. definition of synonymy synonymy :-refers to the sameness relation between words. Synonym:-a word that is equivalent in sense to another word.,4.2. Sources of synonyms A. historical reason:a) Anglo-Saxon (native)b) French, Latin, Greek (foreign elements),Patterns:doublets:
10、native words / borrowed 成对同义词 homely domestichouse mansion triplets: Anglo-Saxon French Latin rise mount ascend,B. geographical reasonAmerican/British Englishdialect: girl lass C. linguistic phenomenonpick up choosefall out quarrel D. figurative meaningstar-gazer day dreamerwalk of life occupation/p
11、rofession,e) euphemism /vulgarismto lie-to distort the factpoor-needy, deprived, underprivileged, disadvantagedstrike-industrial action,4.3. Kinds of synonyms,plete (absolute/total) synonymb. relative synonymquasi-synonymloose synonym,a. complete (absolute/total) synonym (rare)-two words identical i
12、n meaning, i.e. interchangeable in all contexts and with identical connotation.e.g.: word-building word formationfricative spirant摩擦音,b. Relative synonyms -those that denote different shades of meaning or different degrees of given quality.,Differences between relative synonyms: A) different in degr
13、ees of given quality, semantic intensity - I hate people who tell lies.- I detest people who tell lies.B)-different in emotional color-economical/stingy-intellectual/egghead,C) different in stylistic meaning (level of formality ):fearful / afraid /yellow D)different in collocation or distribution (s
14、yntagmatic relation)accuseof charge with reproachwith (for) F) different in local colorlift/elevator,4.4. effect of synonyms,a. avoid repetition/achieve precisionThey hide out on the illegal journey in the smugglers, cars, trucks and vans, sometimes stowing away in cardboxes or disappearing behind t
15、he loads of watermelons and sacks of potatoes.,b. satisfy stylistic purpose:cease to thinkgone to sleep forever c. emphasissetbacks and reverse d. explanation He was cashiered, that is to say, dismissed. He was murdered, or rather executed.,Exercises:1. Comment on the differences between relative sy
16、nonyms. 2.Why do writers often use synonyms in their writing? Give one example.,Antonymy词与词之间的反义关系,Main contents:5.1.definition of antonymy 5.2. kinds of antonyms 5. 3. use of antonyms,5.1. definition of antonymyantonymy : -oppositeness of meaning between wordsantonym: -words that re in opposition,5
17、.2. kinds of antonymsa. (classified according to morphological structure)* -root antonymsclear/vague large/small*-derivational antonyms:prewar/ postwar code/decode,* b. (classified according to semantic contrast)a) contraries (相对反义词）b) complementary（互补反义词）c) conversives （换位反义词）d) semantic incompatib
18、le/multiple incompatible antonym （多项不兼容反义词）,a).contraries(相对反义词） gradable /graded （可分级反义词）- illustrated by such pairs as old/young, big/small, etc. - can be seen in terms of degrees of the quality involved., showing the semantic polarity is relative and the opposition is gradual.,radical moderate-co
19、nservative loveattachment-liking-indifferenceantipathy-hate特点：- a.-comparative/superlative/adverbswider widest very wide b.- relative /intermediate terms / gradualwetmoistdampish-dry,c. One is marked, the other is unmarked(oldyoung) How old is he? How young is he? How tall is he? How big is it? How
20、wide is the road?无标记的词比有标记的词用处广泛 There is a lion there. There is a lioness there.,b) complementary/contradictory antonyms (互补反义词）ungradable antonyms不可分级反义词 binary antonyms二元反义词,- a pair of words whose meanings are entirely contradictory. - mutually exclusive and admit no intermediate terms between t
21、hem. -The assertion of one is the denial of the other.,male/female true/false on/off win/lose sloth/diligent go/stay float/sink dead/alive * shut/open ajar *有时也不绝对He is more female than male. He is more dead than alive.bisexual person present /past / future ?,c). conversives /converse antonyms对立反义词
22、(relational opposites关系对立词)- pairs of words so related that either one presupposes the other. masterservant doctorpatient buysell husband-wife in front ofbehind host-guest,d) semantic incompatiblemultiple incompatible antonym （多项不兼容反义词）反义词彼此对立,形成多元对立关系spring summer autumn winternorth south east west
23、Monday Tuesday Wednesday.January February * in the same semantic field,*different antonyms different circumstances fresh- polysemant fresh breadstale bread fresh air-stuffy air fresh flower-faded flower,You looked fresh. You looked tired. backwardforward backward- advanced a handsome boyan ugly boy
24、a handsome income-a meagre income 快慢、钝,The prices are declining. The prices are rising. His health is declining. His health is _.*I am not satisfied with your teaching.I am unsatisfied with your teaching.,5.3. use of antonymsa. form contrastfirst and last / Light come ,light go. oxy moron矛盾修饰法visible darkness audible stillness cruel kindnessb. achieve cohesive粘着的effectHe fell asleep. What woke him was a loud crash.,Exercise:Give the antonyms of the following words.Hard Thin Light Loose Cold Accept Joy,
