1、第一单元3. Aliuminum 铝 copper 铜 nicke 镍 titanium 钛 structural strength 结构强度 deep drawing 拉伸加工4. 定义 defition 力 torce 轴 axle(roller) 非金属 nometal 结构 structure 载荷 load 用途 use(application) 性质properties(nature)(character)第二单元4.hardenability 硬化性 machinability 可加工性 cold drawn冷拔 steel sheet 钢板 percent reduction
2、in area 断面收缩率 endurance limit 疲劳极限 rolled-steel shapes 轧制钢板corrosion resistance 抗腐蚀性 rupture 断裂5.低碳钢 low-carbon 高强度钢 hinger-strengt steel 热处理 heat treatment 屈服强度 yield strength 弹性模量elastic modulus 伸长率 percentage elongation 韧性toughness内应力 internal stresses第三单元4.non-ferrous 非钢的 stress-strain curve 应力应
3、变曲线 yield point 屈服点 percentage elongation 伸长率 necking颈缩 sensitivity 灵敏性5. 应变硬化 strain hardening 横截面 cross-sectional area 断面收缩率 reduction in area 比例极限 limit of proportionality 屈服极限 yield limit 延性 ductiliy 机械性质 mechannical propertiece 用除divideby第六单元3.tangential notes 肤浅的事情 flexible manufacturing syste
4、m 柔性制造系统 machine instruction 机器指令 economy of scale 规模经济 Hardwireyd logic controller 硬固线逻辑控制transfer-line 运输线，流水线 numerically control(NC)数字控制 direct numerical control(DNC)直接数字控制 computer numerical control(CNC)计算机数字控制4.计算机辅助制造 computer-aided manufacturing 数控机床 手工、半自动化或全自动化 manal semiautomatic or full
5、automation 尽管机械制造业一直在持续发展，但知道 20 世纪 50 年代才出现又一个重大发展。Although manufactruring industries continued to evolve,it was not until the 1950s that the next major development occurred.第十单元4.hydraulic motor 液压马达 heavy job 沉重工作 steam engine 蒸汽机enterprising farmer 有进取心的农民 flexibility 柔韧性 be employed in 作为成员 mul
6、titued 分散 screw pump 螺杆泵5.水利系统/液压系统 hydraulic system 起始于date from 史前的 prehistoric 土建设备 earthmoving and construction equipment 依赖于 depened on 被取代 betake replace by第十二单元4.be concerned with 参与、涉及 fluid transport 流体输送 energy-conversion devices 能量转换装置 a houst of 许多fluid machinery 流体机械 auxiliary equipment
7、 辅助系统 air-conditionging systems 空气调节器 cast into 转化5.流体力学 fluid machinery 定性理解 qualitative understanding 供水系统 water supply systrems 能量损失 energy loss 必修课 required course 定量分析法 quantitative analysis techniques 流率 flow rate第十六单元4.open-loop control 开环控制 closed-loop c 闭环控制 feedback 反馈 output variable 输出变量
8、 actuating signal 执行信号 desired value 期待价值5.框图，原理图 block diagram 看不清，盲目的blindfolded 干扰，扰动 disturbance误差检测器 error detector 放大器 amplifier 反馈控制系统 feedback control systems第十七单元4.stability 稳定性 bandwidth 带宽 overall gain 总增益 impedance 阻抗 sensitivity 敏感性 with a broad mind 广义来说 turn out to 原本是 cause-and-effec
9、t relation 因果关系 without bound 没有束缚5.闭合序列 closed sequence 线性系统理论 linear system theory 静态系统 static system 恒定增益 constant gains 参考反馈 the reference of feedback 电动机绕组（阻）motor windingwinding resistance第二十单元4.relay based system 继电器系统 sensor 传感器 transducer 转换器 optical encoder 光学编码器 domain 领域 be restricted to
10、局限于5.机电一体化系统 machatronic systems 前置处理 pre-processing 后置处理 post-processing 互换性interchangeability 可重复性 repeatable 有代表性的representative 单片机 a single chip重点两个句子(第二十单元)Unfortunately,the usage of the terms sensor and transducer is complicated by the variety of different meanings adopted internationally ,in
11、cluding in some instances an apparent interchangeability.不幸运的是，传感器和转换器术语的使用被国际上五花八门的应用形式复杂化，包括在一些场合下明显的可互换能力。For the purpose of this book the following definitions are adopted.出于这种目的对于这本书的目的是采用以下定义。段落及各单元（第十二单元）1.These fundamentals include a knownledge of the nature of fliuds and the properties used
12、 to describe them,the physical laws that govern fluid behavior,the ways in which these laws may be cast into mathematical form,and the various methodolgies(both analytical and experimental)that may be used to solve engineering problems.这些流体力学的基础知识有：流体自然属性方面的知识，用于描述流体性能的知识，支配流体行为的物理定律，把这些定律转化成数学公式与方法
13、，以及用它解决工程问题的方法论，包括实验法和分析法。 2.The distinction between a metal and a nonmetal is not always clear cut.金属与非金属的差异一般很难确定 3.Engineers would not be particularly interested in such a metal even if it were to be produced, 即使绝对纯净的金属可以生产出来，工程师们对它们也并不会特别感兴趣4.Of the 50 or so metallic elements, only a few are pro
14、duced and used in large quantities in engineering practice. 在 50 种左右的金属元素里，工程实践中只有少数金属被大量生产和使用。5.A material tends to change or changes its dimensions when it is loaded, depending upon the magnitude of the load. 材料在加载时，随着载荷大小的变化，尺寸会发生改变6.When the load is removed it can be seen that the deformation di
15、sappear s. For many materials this occurs up to a certain value of the stress called the elastic limit.当卸载时，变形消失。对于许多材料来说，上述情况发生的应力极限值称为弹性极限7.Logically speaking, once the elastic limit is exceeded, the metal should starts to yield, andfinally break, without any increase in the value of stress. 逻辑上来说
16、，一旦超过弹性极限，金属应该就会屈服直至最后断裂，在应力值上应该没有增加。8.In more recent years， the role of leadership in hydraulic power application has been taken over largely by some of the larger earthmoving and construction equipment manufacturers the total Power involved is often greater than that required in even the largest a
17、ircraft systems近年来，一些规模较大的生产土建设备的厂商在液压动力应用方面一直站着主导地位。9. A very significant feature of hydraulic power is its extreme power density一个非常重要的特征是它的极端水力发电功率密度。10.Fluid mechanics is the branch of engineering science that is concerned with forces and energies generated by fluids at fest and in motion 流体力学是一
18、门在静止和运动时产生力和能量的工程学科。11.Fluid transport is movement of a fluid from one place to another so that the fluid may be used or processed流体输送时指为利用和处理流体而使之从一个地方到另一个地方的运动过程。12.In general,the sensitivity of the system gain of a feedback system to parameter variations depends on where the parameter is located
19、通常，反馈系统的增益对于参数变化的灵敏度取决于参数所在的位置13.The quantity GH may itself include a minus sign,so the general effect of feedback is that it may increase or decrease the gain. GH 量本身也可能包含一个负号，所以反馈的总效应可以是增加增益，也可以是减小增益。 。14with the advent of the industrial revolution,instrumentation and measurement science began to be applied to manufacturing. 随着工业革命的到来，仪表和测量科学被逐步用于制造业15.The growth in microlectronics and computing technologies power has resulted in parallel growth in the demand for information about system conditions. 微电子技术和计算技术的进步使得对系统条件信息的需求相应增加。
