1、Unit 1,Introduction to E-business,IBM defines e-business as “the transformation of key business processes through the use of Internet technologies.”Some of those e-business processes include:buying and selling over the Internet (e-commerce) conducting customer service in real time using Web-based to
2、olscommunicating with suppliers,employees and customers.online marketing and advertising,The greatest transformation in business practice today is the emergence of the Internet and the World-Wide-Web interface. It has become a powerful medium for commerce and business transactions of all kinds. The
3、terms e-business and e-commerce are sometimes used interchangeably, but the common difference is that e-commerce refers to financial transactions over the Web and e-business refers to all forms of transactions over the Web. The transforming power of this mode of business extends far beyond the obvio
4、us points of convenience for the customer and cost savings for the business. The most powerful implementations of e-business enable a complete restructuring of business models.,The meaning of electronic commerce has changed over the last 30 years. Originally, electronic commerce meant the facilitati
5、on of commercial transactions electronically, using technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). These were both introduced in the late 1970s, allowing businesses to send commercial documents like purchase orders or invoices electronically. The growth and
6、 acceptance of credit cards, automated teller machines (ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s were also forms of electronic commerce. From the 1990s onwards, electronic commerce would additionally include enterprise resource planning systems (ERP), data mining and data warehousing.,Some people fin
7、d it useful to categorize electronic commerce by the types of entities participating in the transactions or business processes. The five general electronic commerce categories are business-to-consumer, business-to-business, business-to-processes, consumer-to-consumer, and business-to-government. The
8、 three categories that are most commonly used are: Consumer shopping on the Web, often called business-to-consumer(or B2C). Transactions conducted between businesses on the Web, often called business-to-business(or B2B). Transactions and business processes in which companies, governments, and other
9、organizations use Internet technologies to support selling and purchasing activities.,To understand these categories better, consider a company that manufactures stereo speakers. The company might sell its finished product to consumers on the Web, which would be B2C electronic commerce. It might als
10、o purchase the materials it uses to make the speakers from other companies on the Web, which would be B2B electronic commerce. Businesses often have entire departments devoted to negotiating purchase transactions with their suppliers.These departments are usually named supply management or procureme
11、nt. Thus, B2B electronic commerce is sometimes called e-procurement,In addition to buying materials and selling speakers, the company must also undertake many other activities to convert the purchased materials into speakers. These activities might include hiring and managing the people who make the
12、 speakers, renting or buying the facilities in which the speakers are made and stored, shipping the speakers, maintaining accounting records, purchasing insurance, developing advertising campaigns, and designing new versions of the speakers, An increasing number of these transactions and business pr
13、ocesses can be done on the Web. Manufacturing processes (such as the fabrication of the speakers) can be controlled using Internet technologies within the business. All of these communication, control, and transactio-related activities have become an important part of electronic commerce. Some peopl
14、e include these activities in the B2B category; others refer to them as underlying or supporting business processes.,Some reasearchers define a fourth categopry of electronic commerce , called consumer-to-consumer (or C2C) , which includes individuals who buy and sell items among themselves . For ex
15、ample , C2C electronic commerce occurs when a person sells an item through a Web auction site to another person . In this book C2C sales are included in the B2C category because the person selling the item acts much as a business would for purposes of the transaction . Finally , some researchers als
16、o define a category of electronic commerce called business-to-government(or B2G); this category includes business transactions with government agencies , such as paying taxes and filling required reports . In this book , B2G transactions are included in our discussions of B2B electronic commerce .,V
17、ocabulary difine dfan v. 给（词语等）下定义，阐明，解释 Transform trnsf:m v. 完全改变的外观或特性 transformation trnsfmen n. 改变，改观，转变 emergence m:dns n. 出来，出现，暴露 commerce km:s n. 商业，（尤指国际间的）贸易 transaction trnzkn v. 办证，处理，业务，交易 interchangeable nttendbl adj. 可交换的，可互换的 financial fannl adj. 财政的，金融的，财政的 implimentation mplmenten
18、n 履行，实施 restructure ri:strkt(r) v. 重建，改建，重新安排 enterprise entpraz n. 事业单位，企业单位 warehouse wehas n 货栈，仓库 vt. 把（暂时）放在货栈中 invoice nvs n. 发票，发货单 stereo ster adj. 立体声的 procurement prkjmnt n 获得，采购 facility fslti n. 设备，事业,Technical Words and Abbreviationse-business: electronic business 电子商务 e-commerce: elect
19、ronic commerce 电子贸易 IBM: International Business Machines 国际商用机器公司 WWW: World Wide Web 万维网 EDI: electrronic data interchange 电子数据交换 EFT: electronic funds tranfers 电子资金转账 ATM：automated teller machines 自动柜员机 B2C: business-to-consumer 企业与消费者间电子商务 B2B: business-to-business 企业间电子商务 C2C: consumer-to-consum
20、er 消费者间电子商务 B2G: business-to-government 企业与政府间电子商务 ERP：enterprise resource planning systems 企业资源计划,Notes to the Passage 1、real time : (of a system) that can receive continually changing data from outside sources, process this rapidly ,and supply results that in- fluence the sources 实时 2、interface:el
21、ectrical circuit linking one device with another and enabling data coded in one format to be transmitted in another 接口（连接两装置的电路，可使数据从一种代码转换成另一种代码），界面 3、on line: (of a device) connected to and controlled by a computer 联机的，在线的 4、the company might sell its finished product to consumers on the web ,whci
22、h would be B2C electronic commerce. 这家公司可以在Web上向消费者销售它的产品，即企业与消费者间电子商务。 finished product 的意思是“到成品”，finished 是过去分词 finishing product 的意思是“在制成”，finishing 是现在分词,Exercises 一、Answer the following questoins according to the passage 1、How does IBM define e-commerce? 2、When were EDI and EFT introduced? 3、Wh
23、at are the three categories of e-commerce that are most commonly used? 4、What is B2C ? 5、What is the difference between e-commerce and e-business?,二、Translate the following phrases into Chinese1、online marketing and advervtising 2、e-procwrement 3、financial transaction 4、finished product 5、business m
24、odels 6、manufacturing processes 7、internet technologies 8、transaction-related 9、data mining 10、automated teller machines,三、Translate the following phrases into English1、企业与消费者间电子商务 2、企业与政府间电子商务 3、广告战略 4、电子数据交换 5、企业资源计划 6、万维网接口 7、电子商务程序 8、客户服务 9、消费者间电子商务 10、数据仓库,E-commerce-Related Knowledge 电子商务相关知识,
25、一、电子商务和五种基本类型： 1、B2B (Business to Business) 是指商家与商家建立的商业关系. 例如我们在麦当劳中只能够买到可口可乐是因为麦当劳与可口可乐中的商业伙伴的关系. 商家们建立商业伙伴的关系是希望通过大家所提供的东西来形成一个互补的发展机会,大家的生意都可以有利润. 例子：阿里巴巴、慧聪。 2、B2C (Business to Consumer) 就是我们很经常看到的供应商直接把商品卖给用户. 例如你去麦当劳吃东西就是B2C, 因为你只是一个客户. 例子：当当、卓越,3、C2C (Consumer to Consumer), 客户之间自己把东西放上网去卖. 例
26、子：淘宝、拍拍、易趣。 4、 C2B (Consumer to Business), 这个概念比较新,意思是由客户选择自己要些什么东西,要求的价格是什么,然后由商家来决定是否接受客户的要求. 假如商家接受客户的要求, 那么交易成功; 假如商家不接受客户的要求,那么就是交易失败。 5、G2G是指政府(Government)与政府(Government )之间的电子政务，即上下级政府、不同地方政府和不同政府部门之间实现的电子政务活动。如下载政府机关经常使用的各种表格，报销出差费用等，以节省时间和费用，提高工作效率。（网上定义：运用计算机、网络和童心等现代信息技术手段，实现政府组织结构工作流程的优化
27、重组，超越时间、空间和部门分割的限制，建成一个精简、高效、廉洁、公平的政府运作模式，以便全方位的向社会提供优质、规范、透明、符合国际水准的管理与服务）。 特点：相对于传统行政方式，电子政务的最大特点就在于其行政方式的电子化，即行政方式的无纸化、信息传递的网络化、行政法律关系的虚拟化等。,二、电子商务与传统商务的比较： 1、信息提供上，传统商务：根据销售商的不同而不同；电子商务：透明准确。 2、流通渠道上，传统商务：企业批发商零售商-消费者；电子商务：企业-消费者。 3、交易对象上，传统商务：部分地区；电子商务：全球。 4、交易时间上，传统商务：规定的营业时间；电子商务：24小时。 5、销售方法
28、上，传统商务：通过各种关系买卖；电子商务：完全自由购买。 6、营销活动上，传统商务：销售商的单方营销；电子商务：双向通信、PC、一对一。 7、顾客方便度。传统商务：受时间与地点的限制还要看店主的眼色；电子商务：顾客按自己的方式无拘无束。 8、销售地点：传统商务：需要销售空间（店铺）；电子商务：虚拟空间。,三、顾客为先 一个成功的电子商务机构必须提供一个既满意而又具意义的经验给顾客，都由各种顾客为先因素构成，包括以下: 1、提供额外的利益给顾客: 电子销售商如要做到这一点，可提供产品或其产品系列，以一个较低的价格吸引潜在的客户、如传统商贸一样。 2、提供优质服务: 提供一个互动及易於使用的购买经
29、验及场所，亦如传统零售商一样，都有助某程度上达至上述目标。为鼓励顾客再回来购买，可利用赠品或促销礼券、优惠及折扣等，还可以互相连接其他相关网站和广告联盟等。 3、提供个人服务: 提供个人化的网站、购买建议、个人及特别优惠的方式，有助增加互动、人性化来代替传统的销售方式。 4、提供社区意识: 可以聊天室、讨论板以及一些忠诚顾客计划(亦称亲和力计划)都对提供社区意识有一定的帮助。 5、令顾客拥有全面性的体验: 提供电子个人化服务，根据顾客的喜好，提供个别服务，使顾客感受与个别不同的体验，便可成为公司独特的卖点及品牌。 6、自助方式: 提供自助式服务网站、易用及无须协助的环境，都有一定的帮助。包括所
30、有的产品资料，交叉推销信息、谘询产品补替、用品及配件选择等。 7、提供各种资讯: 如个人电子通讯录、网上购物等。透过丰富的比较资料及良好的搜索设备，提供信息和构件安全、健康的评论给顾客。可协助个人电子服务来确定更多潜在顾客。,Skills of Translation: Omission 省略法,省略法是指在翻译中，原文中有些词在译文中可以省略，不必翻译出来。因为译文中虽然没有这个词，但是已经具有了原文这个词所表达的意思，或者这个词在译文中的意义是不言而喻的。省略的目的在于使译文更加通顺流畅，更符合译文习惯。但需要注意的是，省略并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去，省略不能改变原文的意义。一、从语法
31、角度来看（一）省代词1省略作主语的人称代词（1）省略作主语的人称代词根据汉语习惯，前句出现一个主语，后句如仍为同一主语，就不必重复出现。英语中通常每句都有主语，因此人称代词作主语往往多次出现，这种人称代词汉译时常常可以省略。I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into practice.我有很多美妙的想法，但是只把少数付诸实践了。He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.他瘦弱憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。,（2）英语中，泛指人称代词作主语时，即使是作第一个主语，在汉语译文中往往也可以
32、省略。We live and learn.活到老，学到老。The significance of a man is not in what he attained but rather in what he longs to attain.人生的意义不在于已经获取的，而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。,2省略作宾语的代词英语中有些作宾语的代词，不管前面是否提到过，翻译时往往可以省略。The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them.他越是想要掩盖他的错误，就越是容易暴露。Please take off the old
33、picture and throw it away.请把那张旧画取下来扔掉。3省略物主代词英语句子中的物主代词出现的频率相当高。一个句子往往会出现好几个物主代词，如果将每个物主代词都翻译出来，那么汉语译文就显得非常罗嗦。所以在没有其他人称的物主代词出现的情况下，在翻译时物主代词大多被省略。I put my hand into my pocket.我把手放进口袋。She listened to me with her rounded eyes.她睁大双眼，听我说话。,（二）代词it的省略it起着代词的作用，在译文中，当它被用作非人称或没有意义的时候，往往可以省略。It took me a lon
34、g time to reach the hospital.我花了很长时间才到了医院。It is the people who are really powerful.人民才是最强大的。（三）省略连接词汉语词语之间连接词用得不多，其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的，由词语的次序来表示。英语则不然，连接词用得比较多。因此，英译汉时在很多情况下可不必把连接词译出来。e looked gloomy and troubled.他看上去有些忧愁不安。（省略并列连接词）As it is late, you had better go home.时间不早了，你最好回家去吧。（省略表示原因的连接词)）,（四）省略冠词英
35、语有冠词，汉语没有冠词；因此，英译汉时往往可将冠词省略。Any home appliance must be handled with care whether it is a TV set ,a VCR or a microwave oven .(ommission of the articles) 家电都需要轻拿轻放，不论是电视机，录音机，还是微波炉。（省略不定冠词A）It is out of the question to fly to the moon in the past.在过去，飞往月球是绝对办不到的事情。（省略定冠词The）,（五）省略介词一般说来，表示时间和地点的英语介词，译
36、成汉语如出现在句首，大都可以省略，出现在句尾大都不省略。1省略表示时间的前置词The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949.一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。比较：中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。（介词译成汉语在句首时可以省略，在句尾就没有省略）On July 1, 1997, Hongkong returned to the Peoples Republic of China.一九九七年七月，香港回归了中华人民共和国。2省略表示地点的前置词Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不准吸烟。In w
37、inter, it is much colder in the North than it is in the South.冬天，北方的天气比南方冷得多。,（四）省略动词英语句子中一般必须有谓语动词。而汉语我顺子的谓语并不一定非由动词充当，形容词和名词等同样可以作谓语。英译汉时可根据汉语的习惯适当省略原文中的某些动词。主要有两类：一些连系动词和一些与具有动作含义的名词等搭配使用的动词。When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low.气压低，沸点就低。Delivery must be effected within the ti
38、me stated on the purchase order.必须在购货单规定的时间交货。Though the history of this university is quite old , its bulidings are quite up-to-date .(omission of the verb) 这所大学尽管历史悠久，可建筑物样式新颖。,二、从修辞角度看（一）英语句子中有些短语重复出现，或者具有相同意义的词重复出现，英译汉时可按情况作适当省略。University applicants who had worked at a job would receive prefere
39、nce over those who had not.报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。（如果不作省略，译成“报考大学的人，有工作经验的，比没有工作经验的，优先录取”，就显得累赘。）Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.双方均不得无故解除合同。（如果译成“.没有原因和理由”的话，就不够精炼。）,（二）根据汉语习惯，译文中可以省略一些可有可无的词。There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was
40、 dead.没有下雪，但叶落草枯。（此句如果译成“.树叶从树上落下来，草也枯萎了”就嫌累赘。） There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of mans hands and will master them all in the end.仍然具有这种信念，普通的人要比自然的力量或人类造出来的机器更伟大，而且最终会控制它们。（这里，The mechanisms of mans hands不必译为“人类的手造出来的机器”。）,Skills o
41、f Business Writing,A Resume on Applying for a Job 求职简历 Task 1 Writing Skills 英文简历的几种常见形式 英语简历并无固定不变的单一形式，应聘者完全可以根据个人的具体情况来确定采用何种形式，灵活设计。一般来说，根据个人经历的不同侧重点，可以选用以下二种形式：,（1）以学历为主的简历 basic resume 这种形式适应于应届毕业生或中学毕业后仍在待业的求职人员，因为没有工作经历，所以把重点放在学业上，从最高学历往下写。 在basic resume中，一般包括下列元素： a. personal data（个人资料）：nam
42、e（姓名）、address（通讯地址）、postal code（邮政编码）、phone number（电话号码）、birthdate（出生日期）、birthplace（出生地点）、sex（性别）、height（身高）、weight（体重）、health（健康状况）、date of availability（可到职日期）、number of identification card（身份证号码）。因为是应届毕业生或中学毕业不久，一般没有结婚，因而可省略marital status（婚姻状况）和children（儿女情况）两项。当然，如果是研究生毕业已婚，则应写明。,b. job/career ob
43、jective（应聘职位）。 c. education（学历）：就读学校及系科的名称、学位、始止时间和应聘职位相关的课程与成绩、社会实践、课外活动、奖励等都应一一列出。 d. special skill（特别技能）。 e. hobbies/interests（业余爱好）。如果在学历项目的课外活动中已经注明，此项则不必重复。,（2）以经历为主的简历 chronological resume 以这种形式出现的英语简历，往往侧重于工作经历，把同应聘职位有关的经历和业绩按时间顺序书写出来，把工作经历放在学历之前。经历和学历的时间顺序均是由近至远。 毫无疑问，这种形式的英语简历适合于有工作经验的求职人员
44、。 在chronological resume中，通常包括以下元素： a. personal data（个人资料）。具体内容同以学历为主的简历相同，不过，因为你参加工作多年，已进入结婚年龄，所以不管你是否结婚，都应注明婚姻状况和儿女情况。 b. job/career objective（应聘职位）。 c. work experience（工作经历）。务必写明自己在每个工作单位的职位、职责和业绩以及工作起止时间。 d. education（学历）：因为你已工作多年，雇主重点考虑你的工作经验是否能胜任你所应聘的职位，所以学历只是一个参考的因素，因而不必象以学历为主的简历那样写得详细，只需注明你就读
45、的校系名称、始止时间和学位即可。 e. technical qualifications and special skills（技术资格和特别技能）。 f. scientific research achievements（科研成果）。,Task 2 Sample Writing,应聘宾馆客房部主管（Room Service Supervisor ） ResumeName：Xiaofeng Liu Nationality：the Dong Birthdate：26/7/1974 Sex：Male Health：excellent Career Objective：Hotel Room Serv
46、ic Supervisor Address：Graduating Class, Hotel Management Speciality collge of Management, Fudan University Shanghai 200154 DateEducation1996-2000B.S. in Hotel Management at Fudan UniversityCourses completed：Management Principles, Introduction to Hotel Management, Hotel Personnel Management, Tourist
47、Psychology, Tourise Marketing, Tourism Economics,Room Service Management, Public Relations Science,etc. 1990-1996 Guiyang No.16 Middle School Summer JobsAssistant Room Supervisor at Shanghai International Hotel,1993Public Relations Boy AT Pudong Hotel, 1992 Assistant Food Supervisor, Shanghai Guest
48、Hotel Special SkillsCollege English TestBand SixComputer Operation：IBM-PC,英文简历其它有用词汇,(1)应聘职位objective 目标 career objective 职业目标 position wanted 希望职位 job objective 工作目标 position applied for 申请职位 position sought 谋求职位(2) 离职原因 for prospects of promotion 为晋升的前途 forhigher esponsibility 为更高层次的工作责任 for wider
49、 experience 为扩大工作经验 due to close-down of company 由于公司倒闭 offered a more challenging opportunity 获得了更好有挑战性的工作机会 sought a better job 找到了更好的工作 to look for a more challenging opportunity 找一个更有挑战性的工作机会 to seek a better job 找一份更好的工作,(3) 科研成果 scientific achievements 科研成果 publications 发表作品 daily 日报 evening news 晚报 periodical 期刊 magazine 杂志 monthly 月刊 weekly 周刊 bimonthly 双月刊，半月刊 journal 学刊，学报 issue （报刊）期号 be published 出版 be carried 登载 publishing house 出版社 invention 发明 innovation 革新 patent 专利,
