1、Lecture 4,Noun and Noun Phrase,Classification of Nouns,Number Forms of Nouns (名词的数),Unit Noun (Partitive) (单位名词),Function of Noun Phrases,Classification of Nouns,Word formation,Lexical meaning,Grammatical form,Simple nouns,Compound nouns,Derivative nouns,Common nouns,Proper nouns,Countable nouns,Unc
2、ountable nouns,Simple nouns: a noun that contains only one free morpheme. man, chair, land, ship, water, gas, faith Compound nouns: a noun that is composed of two or more morphemes. armchair, farmland, seaside, forget-me-not Derivative nouns: a noun that comes from a verb, an adjective or a simple n
3、oun with affix.arrangement, greatness, ability, expectation,P41 Ex.4A,Common Noun,个体名词 Individual Noun (boy, house, tiger, insect),集体名词 Collective Noun (family, team, cattle, police),物质名词 Material Noun (air, snow, bread, rice),抽象名词 Abstract Noun (glory, honesty, failure, education),Proper Noun,A pro
4、per noun is a name used for a particular person, place or thing, and spelt with a capital initial letter.,Anderson, China, San Francisco, British Airways, National Peoples Congress, the Democratic Party, The New York Times, the State Council, Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference, the 12
5、th Five-Year Plan,Count and non-count nouns,A count noun (or countable noun) is a noun that has a plural and which can collocate with numbers and with such determiners as a(n), many, few, these, those, several, etc. A non-count noun (or uncountable noun) is a noun that cannot go with the above-menti
6、oned words.,Function of noun phrases,The noun phrase can function as all the elements in the sentence except the predicate verb.As Subject:Children at play seldom remember what time it is. The boys quarrelling over the game each insisted that the other was unfair.,Function of noun phrases,As Subject
7、 Complement:That was an attractive little black chair.My grandfather died a martyr to his revolutionary ideal. As Object:They gave him a first-rate education.In the hall, I saw some extremely valuable pictures.,Function of noun phrases,As Object Complement:They elected him chairman of the board.The
8、School Board have appointed her superintendent of the citys schools. As Appositive:Mr. Brown, director of the coal mine, should be responsible for the accident.Alice, a professor of the department, will be invited to our English Evening.,Function of noun phrases,As Prepositional Complement, (or Prep
9、ositional Object):We teachers should be concerned about the students moral culture.Within the house nothing stirs. In the garden I can hear the singing of birds. I can hear the rustle of their wings.,Function of noun phrases,As Adverbial and Conjunction:He returned last night.A photo is taken each t
10、ime (=whenever) this button is pushed.She phoned her parents the moment (=as soon as) she reached the hotel.,Number forms of nouns,Regular and irregular pluralIndividual nouns are all countable and therefore have singular and plural forms. The regular plural is formed by adding s or es to the base (
11、e.g., photos, tomatoes, boxes, wives, etc.), while the irregular plural is not formed in the above way but by other means such as by changing the internal vowel or by changing the ending of the noun (e.g., tooth teeth, man men, mouse mice, child children, ox oxen).,P42-44,Irregular plurals also incl
12、ude some words of foreign origin, borrowed from Greek, Latin or French (known as “foreign plurals”). Some borrowed words have two plural forms: a foreign plural and an English plural. For some nouns, their singular and plural number share the same form.,P44,P45,P45,Number forms of the collective, ma
13、terial, abstract and proper noun,a) Number forms of the collective noun:Some collective nouns are countable, some are not. Countable collective nouns behave just like individual nouns. An uncountable collective noun has no plural form. If we want to count the number, we have to use a kind of individ
14、ual noun related semantically to the collective.Some collective nouns have both singular and plural forms:(Please refer to 2.3.3 on P27.),P46,b) Number forms of the material noun:Material nouns are generally uncountable and have no plural forms. But there are some such items that can be used either
15、uncountably when used to mean the material itself, or countably when used in other senses:sand sands; water waters; food foods; fruit fruits; coffee coffees;rubber rubbers; stone stones; egg eggs;lamb lambs; onion onions;,P51,c) Number forms of the abstract noun:Abstract nouns are mostly uncountable
16、, e.g.:Honesty is the best policy.Knowledge is power.But there are some abstract nouns that are countable like individual nouns, e.g.:victory / a victory / two victoriesThere are also abstract nouns that have plural endings but are uncountable. For instance, He is in financial difficulties.He is in
17、several difficulties.,In the case of some abstract nouns, the plural ending has the effect of changing the meaning of the base, e.g.:The teachers met once a year to exchange experience.Have you had much experience in teaching English?Please tell us about your experiences in Africa.My life in China w
18、as an unforgettable experience.We told each other our experiences abroad.,More examples of abstract nouns that have both singular and plural forms:relation relations; youth youths; worry worries; distraction distractions; business businesses; kindness kindnesses;Some abstract noncount nouns have sem
19、antically related individual nouns as their countable equivalents:laughter laughs; work jobs; correspondence letter, notes, etc.photography photos; permission permit;music songs; fun joy;homework exercises;,P51,Some English nouns such as family, room, mouth, ear, etc. seem to be only countable nouns
20、. However, they can express abstract senses in certain collocations:to have too much family(= too heavy family burden)to have too much winter(= a too long spell of cold weather)to have too much mouth(= to talk too much)to have too little ear(= to be not inclined to listen to others)to have room for(
21、= to have a need for)to feel the patriot rise(= to feel the patriotic feelings rise),Some English nouns (fool, man, coward, coquette, scholar, poet, politician, sportsman, etc.) that are usually countable can become uncountable when referring to peoples features:to be fool enough (= to be foolish en
22、ough);more of a fool (= more foolish);less of a fool (= less foolish);as much of a fool as (= as foolish as);too much of a fool (= too foolish);He was enough of a man to tell the truth.,P51,d) Number forms of the proper noun:Proper nouns are unique in reference and therefore have no plural forms, ex
23、cept for such proper names as the United States, the Philippines, the Netherlands, etc. which are themselves plural in form. When a proper noun takes a plural ending, it takes on some characteristics of a common noun, e.g.:Have you invited the Browns?There are two Miss Smiths / Misses Smith in the c
24、lass.,P48 Ex4B,4C,Partitives,Partitives are also called unit nouns. General partitives Partitives related to the shape of things Paritives related to volume Paritives related to the state of action Partitives denoting pairs, groups, flocks, etc,General partitives,这类单位词包括piece, bit, item, article, 它们
25、的搭配能力很强。特别是piece, bita piece of advice / armor / bacon / bread / cake / chalk / cloth / coal / coke (cf. Coke = Coca-Cola) / evidence / furniture / ice / information / land / meat / music / news / paper / research / sugar / work;a bit of advice / bread / grass / news / trouble / wood, etc.an item of
26、 news; an article of furniture;,Partitives related to the shape of things,a cake of soap; a bar of chocolate; a drop of water; a grain （颗粒）of sand; an ear（穗）of corn; a flight of stairs; ten head of cattle / cabbage / lettuce; a bundle of keys / sticks / firewood; a loaf of bread; a lump of sugar; a
27、spiral of incense; a slice (cf. fillet) of meat;,Partitives related to volume,a bottle of ink; a bowl of rice (cf. a toilet bowl); a pail of water; a bucket of water / milk; a glass of beer; a cup of tea / coffee; a handful of clay; two spoonfuls of hot water; a truckload of steel; four lorryloads o
28、f sand;,Partitives related to the state of action,a fit of anger / temper / coughing / laughter / fever; a peal of applause / laughter / thunder; a flash of light / lightning / hope; a display of courage / force / power / skill;,Partitives denoting pairs, groups, flocks, etc,a pair of shoes; a flock
29、 of birds; a herd of elephants; a litter of kittens; a swarm of bees; a shoal of fish; a school of whales;a bench of judges; a troupe of actors; a gang of hooligans (cf. the Gang of Four); a pack of hounds;,1. That fellow is clever; he has _. A. brain B. a brain C. the brain D. brainsD,2. _are again
30、st that decision. A. The publics B. Publics C. The public D. PublicC,3. We regard _as _. A. Negroes; hero B. Negroes; heroes C. Negros; heroes D. Negros; herosB,4. I have two _. A. toothbrushes B. toothbrush C. teethbrushes D. teethbrushA,5. The policeman asked the men to show the _. A. paper B. pap
31、ers C. piece of paper D. pieces of papersB,6. As is known to us all, _travels much faster than _. A. lights; sounds B. light; sound C. sound; light D. sounds; lightsB,7. The rising _did a lot of _to the crops. A. water; harm B. water; harms C. waters; harm D. waters; harmsC,8. Julie went to the _to buy a pair of shoes. A. shoes store B. shoes store C. shoe store D. shoess storeC,9. Food and _for dinner tomorrow evening have been prepared. A. cloth B. clothe C. clothes D. clothingD,醉心作品,谢谢观看,
