1、高一英语定语从句的归纳一几个基本概念1.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。3.定语从句的位置：紧跟先行词（名词或代词）之后。4.引导词：引导定语从句的词（包括关系代词和关系副词） 。1关系代词：that/who/whom/which/as2关系副词：when/where/why5.引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前（先行词之后） 。 【as 除外】6.引导词的功能（作用）：1连接先行词和定语从句。2在定语从句中充当一定的成分（关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状语） 。7.定语从句的类型：1限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间无逗号） 。 直接由引
2、导词引导定语从句The man who youre talking to is my friend. 由介词+关系代词（whom/which）引导The man to whom youre talking is my friend.I need a pen with which I can write a letter.=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如：The man (who/whom/that) I talked abou
3、t (介词)at the meeting is from Beijing University.=The man about（介词） whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to （介词）was built in the 17th century.=The palace to （介词）which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法
4、。1.who/that 指人，在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的主语，不能省略。Do you know the gentleman who/that（代替 gentlmen,在从句中作主语） is sitting there?2.whom/who/that 指人，在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的宾语（动宾或介宾） 。 当作动宾（动词后接宾语）时，关系代词 可省略 。Do you know the gentleman whom/who/that（代替 met 后面 the gentlmen,从句中做宾语) we met just now? 当作介宾（介词后接宾语）时：介词不提前时，关系
5、代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省略，即介词whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用 whom)。The man (whom/who/that，可省略) I spoke with（介词没提前） is my teacher.The man with （提前了）whom （whom 不可省略）I spoke is my teacher. 注：固定的动词短语（动词+介词）如 look for, take care of 等不能把动词与介词拆开，既介词不能提至引导词前。She is the right girl (who/whom/that) we are looking for. 3.whose:
6、 指人或物，是所有格 “的”形式。Whose+n. 一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语（动宾或介宾）即先行词的什么东西怎样了，whose 不能省略。 。Whose+n. = the +n. + of which/whom= of which/ whom+ the =n.I didnt find the desk whose leg was broken. （主语）He is the student whose pencil （动词 broke 的宾语）I broke yesterday. （动宾）The boss in whose company I work is very kind. （介宾）
7、4.which/that 指物，指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语（宾语包括动宾或介宾） 。 当作动宾时，关系代词可省略。 当作介宾时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用 which)。The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak. The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine. The games (that/which) the young men competed in were diffi
8、cult. The games in which the young men competed were difficult. 注:介词+ 关系代词即介词 +whom/which(先行词指人用 whom，指物用 which)。5.as 指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语，宾语，表语或状语，不能省略。主要用于 “the same as；such as；so as；as as；as follows”固定结构中，形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句。要用 as 代替 who(m), which, 或 that 引导定语从句：Such people as knew Hill thought he was ho
9、nest.Such people as Hill knew thought he was honest.My hometown is no longer the same as it was.Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.The child knows as much as grow-ups (know).Id like to have the same books as are used in your school.He is not such a person as I expected.He will marry as pretty
10、 a girl as he can find.注：which 和 as 可引导非限定性定语从句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，which 和 as 都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，有时可以互换。因此，当 as/which 指代前面的整个句子，或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时，谓语用单数Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the newspaper.She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes.He married her, as/which was
11、 natural.6 when 关系副词：指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语，不能省略。此时的 when 还可用介词+which 替换（此时先行词一定是表时间的名词） 。I still remember the time when I joined the League.I still remember the time on which I joined the League.I still remember the time (which/that) I joined the League on.7.where 关系副词：指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语，不能省略。此时的 where 还可用介词
12、+which 替换（此时先行词一定是表地点的名词） 。I still remember the school where I joined the League.I still remember the school in which I joined the League.I still remember the school (which/that) I joined the League in.注：对关系副词 when, where 的认识。. 先行词是时间的名词，并非都用关系副词 when 引导定语从句。Ill never forget the time (which/that) I
13、spent（及物动词，后面省略 the time） in Beijing. 先行词是地点的名词，并非都用关系副词 where 引导定语从句。This is the factory (which/that) he visited(及物动词，后面省略 the factory) yesterday. 当句型为 It/This/That is(was) the first(secondlast) time 引起的句子时用 that 连接其后的句子。此时的 time 是次数，不是时间。It/This is the first time that we travel.It/This is the last
14、 time that I shall give you a lesson.8. why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，先行词通常为 reason,不能省略。且 why 引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。Why= for whichI dont know the reason why he was late yesterday.The reason why(for which) he was late is that he missed the bus.注：当先行词为 reason 时，关系副词并非都用 why。This is the reason (that/ which) he gave
15、/ explained（及物动词，后面省略 the reason） to us.【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】从句缺少的是 主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词 的关键。试比较：I will never forget the day (which/that) I spent in Hongkong. ( spent 是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略 )I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland. （ 从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词 ）T
16、he reason （that/which）he gave for not coming to school yesterday isnt believable.( gave 是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略 )The reason why he didnt come to school yesterday isnt believable.（ 从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词 ）三. 值得注意的几个问题：第一. 当先行词是物时，关系代词(that/which) 只用 that 的情况 。1.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。This is the be
17、st film that has been shown this year.This is the first book (that) I borrow from the library. He is the first student that/who came to school today.2.当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时 。He talked about the teachers and the school (that) he had visited. 3.当先行词本身是 all 的，用 that。(all that=what)All that (what) I wa
18、nt to say to you is “Thank you”.=All (what) I want to say to you is “Thank you”.Go over all that (what) we learned. =Go over all (what) we learned.（that 在定语从句中充当宾语可以省略）4.先行词为 something, anything, nothing, everything, thing 时，用 that. Ill tell you anything (that) I know.5.当先行词前有 all, much, little, man
19、y, (a) few, every, some, any, no, only, the very, one of, the only, the last, the next 等修饰语时。This is one of the books (that) Im very interesting in. This is one of the books in which Im very interesting.This is the only book (that) I read.He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.A
20、ll the glasses that were on the table fell off onto the floor.6.（人，物） ，当先行词在以 who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句中时，用 that 引导以避免混淆Who is the man that is talking with the lady?Which of you that know the answer can come to the front?7.当先行词是在定语从句中作表语时，用 thatHe likes the girl that she used to be.第二. 当先行词是物时，关系代词(that/
21、which) 只用 which 的情况。1.作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时The room in which he lives is very large.2.引导非限定性定语从句时（主，宾都用 which, 都不能省略） Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. The house, which I visited yesterday, is very large.3.which 指整个句子的内容或部分内容，引导非限定性定语从句He always makes fun of me, whic
22、h upsets me.第三. 其他特殊情况1.先行词是 these, those 指人时，关系代词只用 who.Those who are playing over there are my students.2.先行词是人称代词(he, she )时，关系代词只用 who.He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.3.不定代词 someone, anyone, everyone, no one, somebody, anybody, everybody 作先行词时，关系代词用 who.Anybody who breaks th
23、e rules would be punished.4.先行词是 the only one of +可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用单数形式（因为此时的先行词是 the only one,而不是 of 后的可数名词复数） He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.This is the only one of the books that is borrowed.先行词是 one of +可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用复数形式（因为此时的先行词是 of 后的可数名词复数,
24、而不是 one） This is one of the students who are late.5.当主句缺先行词时，用 the one 代替，但须注意：the one 只能代替可数名词单数如为不可数名词时，指什么用什么Is this school the one I visited yesterday?Is pop music the music he likes best? 6. 当先行词是 the way, 在定语从句中充当方式状语时（ the way 表以方式方法） ，引导词通常用 that 或省略，也可用 in which I dont like the way (that) y
25、ou speak.=I dont like the way in which you speak.=I dont like the way (which/that) you speak in.【运用定语从句时应注意的几个问题】1 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词应和先行词的人称和数保持一致 。This is one of the books which were written by Mark Twain.这是马克吐温所写的书中的一本。（先行词是 books，因此动词应用 were。 ）2 关系代词或关系副词在从句中充当一个句子成分，因此要注意避免从句中句子成分的重复出现。Th
26、is is the most beautiful place that I have visited it.This is the most beautiful place that I have visited. 这是我参观过的最美的地方。 （去掉 it，因that 代替先行词 the most beautiful place 在定语从句中作 visit 的宾语，再加 it 就多余了。 ） The school where I worked there is a big one.The school where I worked is a big one.我所工作过的学校是一所大学校。 （去
27、掉 there，因where 既引导定语从句，又在从句中代替 in the school 作状语。 ）3 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不可省略 。The books were on the table were given to you.The books that were on the table were given to you.桌上的那些书是给你的。 （关系代词 that 作主语不能省）4 “one of the +复数名词” 后的定语从句中谓语动词的单复数情况。“one of the +复数名词”时，复数名词是先行词，所以谓语动词常用复数形式。如果“one of the +复数名词
28、”前面有 the very /only 等修饰语，则谓语动词用单数形式，因为先行词是，而不是复数名词。 如：He is the only one of the students who speaks Japanese in our class.他是我们班唯一说日语的学生。 （the only one 是先行词）He is one of the students who speaks Japanese in our class.他是我们班里说日语的学生之一。（students 是先行词）5 定语从句中 who 和 whom 的选用。关系代词 who/whom 引导定语从句时，作主语用主格 who
29、，作宾语用宾格 whom。在其引导的定语从句带有插入语，而又不用逗号分开时，要用 who。Mary is a girl who I think is clever.在定语从句 who I think is clever 中, I think 是插入语，去掉后 Mary is a girl who is clever 是一个完整的句子，who 是定语从句的主语，不能用 whom 替换。但下面的句子，情况就不同了：Mary is a girl whom I think to be clever.在定语从句 whom I think to be clever 中，如把 I think看作插入语而去掉
30、，则剩下的部分 Mary is a girl whom to be clever 很明显不是一个完整的句子结构，所以 I think 不能被看作是插入语，而是定语从句在的主谓结构，whom 作 think的宾语，to be clever 是 whom 的宾补。6 定语从句中关系代词或关系副词的选择取决于它们在从句中所充当的句子成分。如作主语和宾语用关系代词；作状语，用关系副词。Ill never forget the day when I went abroad myself.（when 在从句中代替时间状语 on the day，此句可分解为 Ill never forget the day. I went abroad myself on the day.）Ill never forget the days that we spent together.（that 代替 the days，在从句中作 spent 的宾语，
