1、Amplification & Pruning 增词与减词法, 增词法 1) 增补同义词2) 增补范畴词3) 增补产品名称4) 增补动词5) 为语法需要6) 复数翻译法, 减词法,（一）增补同义词,增词法,英语有一词多义的特点，同一个词可以同时与若干个词进行搭配，相互修饰、制约，语言仍自然流畅。汉语在词的搭配方面相对严谨，同一个词通常不能同时与多个词搭配。根据汉语词的搭配习惯和英语词汇的一词多义的特点，我们应采用增补同义词的技巧，这样才能使译文既准确达意，又照顾到汉语的语言习惯。,1. The innovation of products is one of the reform measur
2、es of the SOEs because it can decrease loss, cost and budget.,2. Both the buyer and the seller are busy at negotiations of business, contract and draft.,产品革新是国企改革措施之一，因为它可以减少损失、降低成本和缩减预算。,买卖双方正忙于交易磋商，合约谈判和汇票议付。,3. High morale contributes to high levels of productivity, high returns to stakeholders,
3、and employee loyalty.,员工士气高会提高生产力水平、增加股东收益，并增强其忠诚度。,He must loiter about country churches, attend wakes（守丧） and fairs and other rural festivals, and cope with the people in all their conditions, and all their habits and humours. (p35)他们一定要在教堂里消磨一下时光，参加纪念守护神节日的活动，逛逛集市，与村民同庆他们的节日，和身世各异的人打交道，并了解他们的习惯和性
4、情。,（二）增补范畴词,直译：市场对商品需求的变化受内因和外因影响。 添加范畴词修饰相应的抽象名词changes和 factors，则两个词会更加具体、明确。,增词法,在英译汉过程中考虑到汉语的表达习惯，经常增加的范畴词有：方法、措施、情况、情绪、状态、现象、方面、问题、关系、工作等。例如： The changes of requirements for the commodities in the market are affected by the internal and external factors.,商品市场需求的变化情况受内因和外因两方面因素影响。,1. The tension
5、 in the Middle East has attracted much attention.,中东的紧张局势已引起了广泛关注。,4. Unless these issues are addressed as a matter of urgency, the consequent de-motivation of staff will undoubtedly have a negative impact on the performance of the company.,除非这些问题作为当务之急得到及时解决，否则员工中随之出现的消极怠工情绪无疑将对公司的整个运营业绩产生负面影响。,2.
6、The temperature needed for this processing is not high.,这种加工方法需要的温度不是很高。,3. For many years, there has been serious unemployment in this city.,多年来该城市一直有严重的失业现象。,5. Not to educate him (the child) is to condemn him to repetitious ignorance. (p36),如果我们不对儿童进行教育的话， 那就要使儿童沦入世世代代的愚昧状态。,混乱局面 饱和状态 废物回收利用 准备工作
7、 管理部门 多余信息（人员） 补救措施 解决方案 修改方案 有利地位 落后状态,.,confusion saturation recycling preparation management redundancy remedies solution modification advantage backwardness,5辆丰田牌汽车，20台日立牌电视机和30台施乐牌复印机早已备妥待运，但因你方信用证延迟到达，货物不能按期装运。,原文中Toyota，Hitachi，Xerox都为世界知名品牌，在翻译时要按汉语的习惯用法把他们的产品名称补充完整，才能使译文具体明了。,（三）增补产品名称,增词法,
8、对于英文中缺失的产品名称，翻译时有时要根据具体情况增补出来。如： The five Toyota, twenty Hitachi and thirty Xerox have long been ready for shipment, but shipment cannot be effected because of the late arrival of your L/C.,comfort 和 luxury 都是抽象名词，但在构成复数后，词义就具体化了。,社会为竞争法则付出的代价，犹如它为便宜的舒适家用商品和高档消费品的代价一样巨大。,The price which society pays
9、 for the law of competition, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is also great.,我干工作，我做家务，我有朋友往来，这些足够占去了我的全部时间,原文中my work, my family, my friends ，在翻译时要按汉语的习惯用法增加了动词干，做，往来，才能使译文具体明了。,（四）增加动词,增词法,英语喜用名词形式，汉语喜用动词形式。因此在翻译的时要根据需要增加动词。如：My work, my family, my friends were more than eno
10、ugh to fill my time. (p35),要在我们这个共和国里当一个好公民，第一必要的条件是他能够而且愿意尽职尽责。,增词法,The first requisite of a good citizen in this Republic of oursis that he shall be able and willing to pull her weight. (p35),英语目前的情况很好，他正按照它那不易为人发现的方式在起着变化，而不是像一只树上掉下来的李子那样在逐渐腐烂。,（五）为了语法上的需要而增词,增词法,英语的时态是通过动词体现出来的，而在汉语中，动词是无法体现时态的，
11、汉语中往往通过增加虚词来体现动词的时态。如： The English language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own indiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree. (p 33),就是在一次这样的场合，我遇到了卡特赖特一家。当时我住在警察局长盖兹家里。那天我在台球室里坐着，盖兹进来问我想不想打桥牌，他们三缺一。,It was on one of these occasions that I met the Cartw
12、rights. I was staying with a man named Gaze who was head of the police and he came into the billiard room, where I was sitting, and asked me if I would make up a four at a bridge table. (p33),不同的国家使用不同的经济来源；不同的人拥有不同的技能。,（六）英语名词复数的翻译方法,增词法,由于汉语名词没有形式手段表示其单复数的区分，因此英语名词的复数在汉译时往往通过增词的方式体现出来。如：1. Nations
13、 have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills.(p38),2. Cargo insurance is to protect the trader from losses that many dangers may cause. (p39),货物保险会使贸易商免受许多风险所可能造成的种种损失。,4. Another factor behind the increase in merger activity is the record performance of stock
14、markets, which has enabled companies to finance major acquisitions on the strength of their inflated share prices.,导致合并不断增加的另一个因素是股票市场的空前繁荣。股票市场的空前繁荣使得各家公司可以依赖其上涨的股票价格去资助各种大规模的购进。,3. They drove in a black limousine, past groves of birch trees and endless rows of identical new buildings. (p39),他们乘坐一辆
15、黑色高级轿车，经过一丛丛的白桦树和看不到尽头的一排排式样相同的新住宅。,5.The United States systems work by means of a series of closely tabulated favors and obligations carefully doled out where they will do the most good.,美国的种种体制是在一系列安排周密的恩惠和义务的基础上来运行的，而且施予恩惠和承担义务都必须以获取最大的利益为前提。,减词法,减词法是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘
16、啰嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。与英语相比较，汉语中代词（尤其是人称代词）和连词（尤其是并列连词“和”）使用的很少，能省略的代词和连接词一般都不在句子里出现。此外冠词、动词不定式符号、部分介词还有系动词都可以省略。,1. Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.,冬天是研究树木生长的最好季节，虽则树叶落了，树枝光了，但树木本身却是美丽的。 （省
17、略冠词）,2. When demands get low, prices may become low.,需求降低，价格就可能降低。 （省略系动词）,3. Smoking is not allowed in the warehouse.,仓库重地，不准吸烟。 （省略介词）,5. The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory.,产品出厂前应该进行抽样检查。 （删除累赘部分）,6. Advertisements help market develop. Therefore, a
18、s more goods are sold they are cheaper.,广告有助于市场的发展，因此，货物卖得越多价格就越便宜。 （省略助动词和系动词）,7. Such is the so-called “business cycle“ that has characterized the industrialized nations of the world for the last two centuries-ever since an elaborate, interdependent money economy began to replace the relatively se
19、lf-sufficient precommercial society.,这是近两个世纪（即自从一种复杂、相互依赖的货币经济开始取代相对自给自足的前商业化社会）以来全世界工业化国家所谓的经济周期。,英语人称代词的翻译,1.省略不译 英语中的人称代词用得较多，后面往往跟着相应的物主代词，以表示前后人称的一致性，这是英语的一个特点。但在汉语里，我们往往可以省略人称代词和物主代词，以便符合汉语的语言表达习惯。在翻译时，如果将原文中的人称代词换成物主代词同时译出，则显得译文不自然、太生硬，不符合汉语语言规范，也就是说受原语影响太重。因此，在英译汉时，常常将原文中的代词省略。,e.g. When a p
20、arty wishes to transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to a third party, it shall provide a written notice to the other party. (一方欲将其全部或部分注册资本出资额转让给第三方时，应向另一方提供书面通知。),2，译成汉语代词“其” 翻译商务合同或法律文件时，要尽量避免使用“他”，“它”“它们之类的代词，这是因为这类文体比较正式，只有用一个“其”字来代替这些词才是最适合的。与此相吻合，英语中的物主代词“his”、 “its” 和“t
21、heir” 也不能译成”他的”、“它的”和“他们的”，而应该用“其”字取而代之。,Without prior written approval, one Party shall not assign any and all of its rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities under this Agreement to any third party. (任何一方未经事先书面批准，不得将其在本协议项下的任何和全部权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给任何第三方。),3译成所替代的名词e.g. This contra
22、ct is executed in Chinese. If necessary, it may be translated into other languages. (本合同以中文文本签署。如有必要，本合同可译成其他文字。),4英语中含有泛指意义的人称代词we, you以及不定代词one等在句中做主语时常可省译。e.g. If you know the frequency, you can find out the wave-length. (只要知道了频率，就可以求出波长。)e.g. You are not allowed to smoke a cigarette in a public
23、place. (公共场所严禁吸烟。)e.g. One shall pay for what one has said. (一言既出，自负其责。),5. 代词it的省略“it”作非人称主语、形式主语或形式宾语时本身无实际意义，可以省略不译。e.g. Outside it was pitch-dark and it was raining cats and dogs. 外面一团漆黑,大雨倾盆。e.g. He found it impossible to arrive there before dark. （他发现天黑之前到达那里已不可能。）,二、冠词的省略,汉语没有冠词，所以英译汉时冠词常常省略。
24、当英语中的“冠词the+名词”或者“冠词a/an+名词”表示泛指时，该冠词往往不翻译成汉语；但如果冠词是表示特指，就必须将冠词翻译成汉语。 e.g. The moon was slowly rising above the sea. ( 月亮慢慢从海上升起) e.g. Any Substance is made up of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. 任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都由原子组成).,三、连词的省略,英语中较多使用连词和并列连词来表达各种逻辑关系，而汉语中这些逻辑关系常常是通过上下文来暗示的，因而汉语中较少
25、使用连词。英汉翻译时常常把原文中的连词省略不译。 e.g. If I had known it, I would not have joined in. 早知如此，我就不参加了。 e.g. Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract. 同性电荷相斥,异性电荷相吸。,四、动词的省译,由于汉语可以直接用形容词、名词或词组作谓语，所以英语中的有些动词谓语汉译时可以省译；如果从句的谓语动词与主句谓语动词相同，则从句谓语动词也可省译。e.g. Though the model is a bit out-of-date, the
26、 quality is excellent. (虽然样式有点过时，但质地非常好。)e.g. When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low. (气压低，沸点就低。),五、省略介词,The students are looking at the blackboard and listening to the teacher 孩子们正在看黑板听老师讲课。 Have you heard of Mark Twain？ 你听说过马克吐温吗？,六、虚词it的省略,在英语中，it常作形式主语或形式宾语，翻译成汉语时常省略。 It is da
27、ngerous to play football in the street 在大街上踢球危险。 We find it not easy to learn English well 我们发现学好英语不容易。,英汉翻译中“虚”与“实”的转化,英语翻译中的“虚”与“实”的转换主要涉 及 对英语名词、副词和形容词的汉译。本 章将讨论三种情况。一、抽象名词“虚”与“实”的转化 （又称在抽象名词后增加名词）（参见书中例 1） 例如：,1. A firms involvement in exporting products can range from a minimal commitment all t
28、he way to considering exports as necessary for the firms survival and growth.公司在产品出口中参与情况的程度不一，从最低程度的参与一直到将出口视为公司生存和发展必要条件的参与都会存在。 （参看书中例 1分析）,英语中有很多抽象名词源自动词或形容 词。翻译时可根据上下文在其后面增添适 当的名词，使译文更合乎规范。如： to persuade说服 persuasion说服工作 to prepare准备 preparation准备工作 arrogant自满 arrogance自满情绪 antagonistic敌对 antag
29、onism敌对态度 tense 紧张 tension紧张情况（关系、 局势、心情、情绪）mad 疯狂 madness疯狂行为 2. We have a great many to do at present. 我们当前有许多事情要做。,二、副词的“虚”与“实”的转化（副词转译成形容词后加名词“例 1”，有些副词直接转译成名词“ 例 2”）1. They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizally. 但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好 2.He is physically weak but mentally
30、sound.他身体虽弱，但思想健康。,三、形容词的“虚”与“实”的转化（形容词转译成动词） 1.Integrity means you do what you want to do because its right and not just fashionable or politically correct.诚实意味着去做你认为对的事，而不仅仅是为了赶时髦或在政治上不出错。 2.Dont be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are.不要惧怕那些想法可能比你高明，或者那些可能比你更聪明的人。,
