1、1物流师二级 英文翻译 1-22Essay 1 How to develop and manage business 如何发展和管理生意 The underlying principles in business making are open marked competition and cost control. Usually, it is easier for cost reduction than market developing as the strength and credibility of a company determine its market share and
2、competitiveness, which will take time to develop. On the other hand, how to manage relationship with your existing clients is also crucial to your future business success as it ensures ongoing business opportunities and brings stable cash flows for your future business development, such as enlarging
3、 your existing operations and acquiring necessary assets. Therefore, how to handle special business orders and customer demands are key skill to develop in the current competitive business environment. 生意最根本的原则就是公开竞争和成本控制。通常，削减成本较市场开发容易些，因为一家公司的（业务和财务等）力量或信誉决定了它的市场占有率和竞争力，而这两者都是需要时间去发展完成的。从另一方面来看，如何
4、管理你现有的客户对将来的生意同样至关重要,因为他们会确保你今后的生意机会并带来先现金流，比如扩大现有的运作模式和提供所需的资产等。因此，如何利用特别的商业订单和客户的需求成为在现在这个充满竞争的商业环境里获得发展的钥匙。 For example, if you are the manger of a company making sales to two firms. One of them makes purchase once a year. Its ordered volume is relative big, and the payment is usually on time. On
5、 the contrary, the other firm wishes to reduce its inventory therefore decide to purchase your goods more frequently but in smaller lots with lower price and higher demand for quality. In the latter case, you may have to spend a lot more efforts and capital to meet its requirement. 例如，如果你是一个负责向两个公司进
6、行销售的经理。其中一个每年只购买一次，他的购买数量非常大，而且他的付款也很准时。与此相反，另一家公司希望减少他的总量，因此希望通过与你购买产品时能够频繁的但是数量少、价格低品质却要较高。最后，你会发现你需要花费很多的努力和投资在他的需求上面。Essay 2 What is logistics 物流是什么？ Nowadays, logistics is a favored topic and is widely considered to be an important element for a port citys economic development and business pros
7、pects. 现如今，物流是一个热门话题，同时也作为港口城市今后经济和商业发展重要因素被广泛关注 But in reality, what is the logistics? How does it operate? 但是在事实上，物流到底是什么？它又是如何运作的呢？ 2In simple word, logistics is how to manage a flow of goods from suppliers to customers in an efficient manner. There are three key aspects to the concepts: 如果归结为一句话
8、的话，物流就是将货物流如何有效地从供应方流向客户方。这里面有 3 个主要的概念 1、Flow of goods Goods can be considered as valuable objects, such as commodity and materials that are exchangeable and purchasable through commercial transaction and processes. Flow can be determined as method in which goods are transported or exchanged betwee
9、n locations, intermediaries and merchandisers. Method of transportation includes truck, railway, water, aircraft and pipeline. 1.货物流通 货物可以被看成是有价值的物体，比如日用品和原料通过商业的交易场所和程序可以进行交换和买卖。流通可以被定义为货物在位置、中间商以及商人之间运输和交换的方式。运输的方式包括卡车、铁路、水路、航空以及管道 2、Direction of the flow of goods In the open market place, buyers
10、and sellers represent two polar of a commercial transaction. Buyers are customers; sellers are suppliers. When a transaction is agreed upon (sometimes payment is completed, other times the payment is arranged to be completed at a later stage), suppliers have the responsibility to arrange for the goo
11、ds to be transported to the customers. 2.货物流通的方向 在开放市场环境下，买方与卖方代表商业交易的两面。买方表示客户，卖方代表供应方。当一个交易成立后（有时货款已经结清，有时货款在后续阶段结清） ，供应方有责任安排将货物运送到客户手中。 3、Efficient management of the flow process The transportation of goods should bear low cost and ensure safety and punctuality. It should not waste customers cap
12、ital, energy and time. Currently, the flow of goods is generally controlled by both hardware and software. By hardware we mean logistics facilities and equipment, such as ports, warehouse and transportation vehicles. By software, we mean information system, information standardization and data shari
13、ng. 3.有效的流通管理程序 货物的运输应该遵循低成本、确保安全以及准时的原则。不应改浪费客户的资产、精力和时间。现在普遍认为，货物的流通一般通过硬件和软件手段进行控制。硬件方面是指物流设备和设施，例如港口、仓库以及运输车辆。软件方面是指信息系统、信息标准化以及数据共享。 Essay 3 The differences between traditional and modern 3logistics 传统物流与现代物流的区别 What are the main differences between traditional and modern logistics? 在传统物流与现代物流之
14、间存在什么样的区别？ Before 1970,”logistics” as a business concept did not exist. Simple transportation and storage represented the flow of goods, like shipping raw materials in and out of factory. Freight companies and warehouse were independent business unites. 1970 年以前，物流尚未作为商业概念存在。只是简单地通过货物的运输和仓储的方式被表现出来，
15、比如原材料在工厂里进出。货运公司和仓库作为商业的独立单位。 From 1973, there were great changes emerging in the goods transportation process. 自 1973 年以来，运输流程出现了很大的改变。Firstly, transportation by means of containerization had become prevalent in sea transportation. The reason was that loading and unloading goods stored in a contain
16、er highly convenient. Before using containers, a 10,000-ton ship could be fill in 48 hours. After containerization was adopted, a 35,000-ton containers ship can be loaded in eight hours. Furthermore, containerization integrates all process, such as packaging, loading and unloading, transporting betw
17、een locations, storage and distribution. Therefore, it is a revolution in the transportation history and commercial activities. 首先，货柜运输在航海运输中变成通行的方式。其中的原因是由于其装卸非常方便。在使用货柜之前，装满 10-000 吨位的船需要花费 48 小时。在使用货柜后一个 35000吨位的货轮只要 8 个小时就可以装满。此外，货柜运输充斥着整个流程，例如包装、装卸、运输、存储和配送。因此，它可以算作是运输历史和商业活动中的一场革命。 Secondly, i
18、nformation technology is another great contributor great in the development of logistics. When the information system was introduced in logistics, we find is used friendly and convenient to operate, share and update, which is highly cost effective and time efficient. 其次，信息技术是另一个为物流发展做出巨大贡献的因素。当信息技术被
19、介绍到物流，我们不难发现在操作、数据共享和升级方面无论是成本还是时间上效率都得到了提高。In summary， containerization and information technology distinguishes modern logistics from the cumbersome and fragmented transportation process of goods in the past. 概括地讲，货柜技术和信息技术使得现代物流摆脱了以往繁琐的不连贯的运输程序。 Essay 4 International trade and logistics 国际贸易与物流 4
20、Now, lets discuss the relation between the international trade and logistics. As you know, trading involves the following steps: 现在，我们开始讨论国际贸易与物流之间的关系。众所周知，贸易包括 3 部分： 1、Negotiating for a transaction In this stage, buyers and sellers will negotiate the prices of the goods, payment method and mean to
21、transfer the goods before finally sign the contract. 1.交易谈判 在这个阶段，买方和卖方会就货物的价格、付款方式和运输在合同签订前作最后的商榷。 2、Payment Generally speaking, buyers cannot pay sellers directly. The buyer usually asks bank to write a letter of credit (L/C) to the seller. L/C is a promise of payment from the buyers bank to the s
22、ellers bank and it is under conditional article that are agreed upon by both parties. 2.付款 一般来讲，买方不直接付款给卖方。买方通常通过银行开出信用证（L/C）给卖方。L/C 是买方银行向卖方银行提供一种付款保证，它是基于买卖双方同意的付款条款。3、Transportation After receiving qualified L/C, the seller starts to deliver the goods transportation process, which is the core par
23、t of logistics. During the logistics process, goods are moved from one country to another by rail, truck, ship, and air. Though FOB and CIF, cost of transportation will be fixed between the two parties. Under FOB, transaction price does not include insurance and freight. Under CIF, cost of goods, in
24、surance and freight are all included. 3.运输 收到有效的 L/C 后，卖方进入货物运输流程，它是物流核心部分。在这个流程中，货物通过铁路、卡车、货轮以及航空的方式从一个国家被运往另一个国家。运输中的费用通过 FOB 和 CIF 方式得到确定。在 FOB 条件下，交易费用不包括保险费和货物运费。在 CIF 条件下，货物的成本包括保险费和运费。 4、Customs clearance and inspection In the final process, logistics include two major steps. First of , selle
25、r will arrange for the goods to be cleared through customs and secondly, arrange necessary documents associated with international customs clearing to be examined. 4.清关 最后一个环节包括两个重要步骤。一个是卖方要安排货物通过海关报关，另一个是安排相关文件给国际海关清关时的审查。Essay 5 Supply Chain Management 供应链管理 Supply Chain is a management tools base
26、d on the following concept: 5供应链是基于一下概念的管理工具： 1、A products can be value-added by a number of different stages of production ( “supply chain”) and through the production cycle, all the suppliers are inter-linked. 1.一个产品通过数个不同的生产工序增加了价值（供应链） ，通过生产环节，所有供应方都被含盖在这个链上。 2、At an individual lever , each supp
27、liers has its own suppliers (services, material and etc.) and customers. 2.单独来看，没有供应方都有自己的供应者（服务、材料等）和客户。 3、The relationship between the two suppliers should be cooperative. Otherwise, long-term business cooperation will not exist. In other words, “they are on the same boat” 3.两个供应者之间应该是合作和关系，否则，长期合
28、作关系将不存在。换句话说， “大家是在一条船上的。 ” 4、All parties in the same supply chain should be benefited through the provision of services at a certain breakdown ratio. If the upper stream suppliers earn all profits, other suppliers will certainly make a loss. Therefore, all suppliers in the same supply chain should
29、be managed by some pre-determined and specific rules, which constitute Supply Chain Management (SCM), SCM has the following characteristics: SCM is one-way process，not cycle system. SCM links all the members ， including different services and material suppliers and end customers , with standardized
30、procedures through a common shared information system such as the Internet. SCM will ensure to maximize profits for the over a supply chain. SCM can be used in large company, or a city economy. General Electronics and Singapore are good examples in applying SCM. 4.由于供应服务某些比例的下降使得在同一供应链上的每个部分都获得了利益。如
31、果处于上游的供应方获得了全部的利益，其他供应方必然就降低收益。所以，在同一供应链上的所有供应商都会被一些新的特定的规则所管理着，这些规则就是供应链管理。供应链管理（SCM）具备以下特征： SCM 是一个流程而非一个循环系统； SCM 贯穿了所有的成员，包括各个服务商、材料供应商以及最终客户，标准的程序搭建出一个类似与互联网式的公共信息系统； SCM 最大限度地保证了整个供应链获得的收益。SCM 可以被用在大型企业或者是一个城市经济。GE 公司和新加坡则是使用了 SCM 最好的例子。 Essay 6 Packaging 包装 Packaging is usually the end of a p
32、roduction cycle and the start of a logistics process. But in most cases, it is more important to the logistics process as transfer of any goods requires transportation storage in which goods need to be packaged into 6standard and easy-to handle forms. Otherwise, the logistics process will be trouble
33、some, unsecured and slow. 包装通常是生产环节的最后一个同时是物流流程的开始。但是在很多情况下，包装为了今后物流流程中更便捷的运输和更好的储存已经变得越来越重要。否则，物流流程将会有很多的麻烦、不确定以及速度慢。 Basically, packaging can breakdown into two major categories. Firstly, industry packaging is to ensure safety transfer goods in the process. Secondly, commercial packaging is to mak
34、e sales easy. For example, a beautifully wrapped up box of the shoes attracts the customer to make the purchase.。基本上说，包装可以分成两个主要环节。首先，生产环节中的包装确保了运输中货物的安全。其次，商业环节中的包转使得商品更容易被卖出去。例如，一个包装精美的鞋盒会对客户产生吸引从而达成销售。 Packaging technology can also be separated into two categories. One is differentiated by packag
35、e materials, the other by packaging methods. 包装技术同样可以分成两个类别。一个是包装的材料，另一个是包装的方式。 The packaging materials include paper, plastic, wood, metal and glass. Paper represented the largest percentage of all packing materials. It can be used to make exterior packages, carton (paper box) and corrugated box. C
36、omparatively speaking, paper is cheap, easy to handle and ideal for goods that need good ventilation effects. Plastic is new fast developing materials, which are cheap, strong, resistant to water, acid and other chemical. Wood, which used make wooded crates and boxes, has become least popular becaus
37、e of increasing awareness of environmental protection. Metal, like aluminum, is to make cans for drinks, like COCA-COLA, which is easy to recycle. Glasses mainly used to contain liquid, like chemical products and liquors. 包装的材料包括纸张、塑料、木材、金属和玻璃。纸张是包装材料中用途最广的材料。它可以被用作产品的内包装、外包装纸箱和瓦楞箱。相比较而言，纸张便宜便捷并且空气的
38、流通性能好。塑料是新发展起来的新型包装材料，塑料便宜、结实、有很好的防水防酸和其他化学试剂的性能。木材可以制作成木板箱和盒子，由于环保意识的不断加强，这种材料已经使用得越来越少。金属例如铝可以被制作成饮料罐，像可口可乐，这是一种利于回收的材料。玻璃主要是作为液体的容器，例如可以作为化学试剂和液体的包装。 Packaging methods include a number of methodologies, in which goods are packing in containers, boxes or craters to be protected from potential dama
39、ge and vibration. Packages with protection functions include bags, boxes, bottles, barrels and can be in many other forms. 包装的方式有很多种，其中包括集装箱、盒子或木板箱以防止运输中可能出现的损伤和振动。在包装中起到保护作用的还有包装袋、盒子、瓶子以及很多其他方式。 Essay 7 Means of transportation 运输的涵义 There are five major transportation models: highway, railway, pipe
40、line, water and air. 7The relative importance of each model can be measured in the terms of mileage, load volume and cost. 运输包含了 5 种主要方式：公路运输、铁路运输、管道运输、水路运输和航空运输。这些运输方式的重要程度可以通过运输的里程、装载容量和成本进行衡量。 1、Railway Railway can be used to transport goods with large tonnage over l long distance. Railway compan
41、ies and operators enjoy the advantage of low operating cost, such as electricity and fuel, but have to invest heavily for large fix assets and incur large amount of depreciation and maintenance costs. 1.铁路运输 铁路运输通常运输吨位大长距离的货物。铁路运输公司和经营者满足与它的低成本，例如电和燃料的费用，但是需要投入大笔固定设备的费用和折旧费以及维护的费用。 2、Highway Highway
42、 transport has developed rapid since 1970. Highway operations benefits from the ability to transfer goods from virtually door-to door and operating flexibility which other transportation model can not compete. 2.公路运输 公路运输自 1970 年得到快速的发展。公路运输的效益来自于提供实际意义上的门到门运输服务和其他运输方式无法做到的弹性运输。 3、Water Water is the
43、 oldest means of transportation, and is the most commonly used option for international trades. Cargo ship travel long distance bearing large volumes with very low unit cost. Currently, a cargo ship can load 7,000 containers weighing over 150,000 tons. 3.水路运输 水路运输是最古老的，也是目前在国际贸易中被普遍采纳的一种运输方式。货轮运输距离长
44、、容量大且成本低。现如今，一艘货轮可以装载 7000 个集装箱总重量超过150000 吨的货物。 4、Pipeline Pipeline can send goods non-stop, but is restricted to transfer oil and gas. In 2003, China began to build three pipeline to transport water, calling the operation to “supplement the water in Southern to Northern”. 4.管道运输 管道运输输送的是不间断的货物，但是只
45、适用于油和气体。自 2003 年，中国开始修建3 条管道用来运送水，被称作“南水北调”。 5、Air Airfreights are the newest and up-coming transportation industry. Although it is of high cost and can be more dangerous, in the long run, air transport will increase its proportion gradually due to the demand for efficiency. 5.航空运输 航空运输是目前为止最新的也是正在起
46、步的运输产业。虽然成本高而且危险系数较大，8但是在长距离运输上，航空运输将会由于可以提供更有效的需求而得到很好的增长。 Essay 8 Inventory management 库存管理 Inventory has two major functions which are to create a reserve for production and sales and to enjoy price discounts by purchasing a large quantity from its suppliers. 库存有两个主要功能，一是引发生产和销售，另一个是通过大量的采购可以从供应方
47、得到价格上的折扣。 Inventory may be raw materials waiting for production, or finished products to be sold to wholesalers and retailers. Most of inventory is stored in warehouse, which include the following types: 库存品可能是正在等待生产的原材料，也可以是完成生产正准备向批发商或零售商销售的产品。大部分的库存品都储存在仓库，仓库包括一下一种类型： 1、Private warehouse A privat
48、e warehouse is owned and operated by a business entity for its own private storage purposes. It is convenient for the owner to store the inventory and process them into finished goods in the later stage. For most factories and large traders, they create space to store goods by building warehouse tha
49、t tailored to their need, by sizes, locations and finishing. 1.自有仓库 自有仓库是商业实体自己经营管理为自己经营需要而设立的。它为所有者在货物保管环节和加工成成品提供了便捷一个大舞台。对于大多数工厂和大型贸易公司，他们会根据自身的需求建造在规模、位置和最终各环节都适合的仓库。 2、Public warehouse Public warehouse is developed specially to serve all commercial logistics process and offers special service, including packaging and arrangement of delivery. Public warehouse provide more integrated service of higher quality standards and lower cost than the private ones as they have specialized equipment，industry experiences and marketing network. 2.公用仓库 公用仓库是特地为所有商业物流需求环节建设的，它可以提供特殊的服务，其中包括包装和安排货运
