1、Chapter 8 科技英语隐含的因果关系及汉译,8.1 形容词短语、分词短语、分词独立结构说明原因(或条件) 8.2 为了句子简明,主语部分含有较多信息。主语与其余部分之间往往有含蓄的因果关系 8.3 包含定语从句的主从复合句表示因果关系 8.4 so(.) that或such(.) as引导的从句表示结果,其前面的主句或主句的一部分表示原因(或条件) 8.5 and前后的两个简单句之间,有时可以有因果关系;可以是前因后果,也可以是因果倒置 8.6并列法表示因果关系:两个并列句之间隐含因果关系,对倒置的因果关系特别要注意 8.7被动语态,8.1 形容词短语、分词短语、分词独立结构说明原因(或
2、条件),1 Cold and drought tolerant, the new variety is adaptable to north China. 这种新品种耐寒耐旱,适合于在中国北方生长。 2 Free from the attack of moisture, a piece of iron does not rust as fast as we would expect. 如不受潮,铁块锈蚀的速度就不会像我们想象的那样快。 3 Neutrons, having no charge, are repelled neither by the electron cloud surroun
3、ding the nucleus nor by the nucleus itself. 中子(由于)不带电,所以既不受原子核周围的电子云也不受原子核本身的排斥。 4 The moon having no atmosphere, there can be no wind nor, of course, can there be any noise, for sound is carried by the air. 因为月球上没有大气层,又没有风,当然也没有什么声响,因为声音是靠空气传播的。 5 Some alloying elements ( such as chromium and tungs
4、ten) make the grain of steel finer, thus increasing the hardness and strength of steel. 有些合金元素(如铬和钨)能细化钢的晶粒,从而增加钢的硬度和强度。 6 A fusion reaction is going on in the sun to produce almost limitless energy. 太阳内部正在进行着核聚变反应,因而产生几乎无穷无尽的能量。,8.2 为了句子简明,主语部分含有较多信息。主语与其余部分之间往往有含蓄的因果关系,1 To count the stars in the
5、Milky Way by ordinary methods would take more than a life-time. 如果用普通方法来数银河系里的星星,那你一辈子也数不清。 2 The absence of air also explains why the stars do not seem to twinkle in Space, as they do from the earth. 正因为没有空气,所以星星在太空中不象从地球上看它们时那样闪闪发亮。 3 In recent years, the development of sensitive and accurate meas
6、uring equipment has made it possible to measure the acuity of hearing of any individual at different frequencies. 近年来,由于研制出了灵敏而精确的测量仪器,我们能够测定任何人对不同频率声响的灵敏度。 4 The wrong power line connection damaged the motor. 由于电源线接错了,损坏了电机。 5 The high carbon content makes the steel less workable. 如果含碳量很高,钢就不易加工。 6
7、 Prevailing uncertainties force them in each instance to consider not any one value of the parameter, but a likely range of values. 由于不稳定因素过多,所以我们在每一种情况下都不得不考虑一个可能的参数值范围,而不只是一个参数值。 7 It is impossible in this short paper to cover all the aspects of sampling problem. 本文篇幅有限,不能包括采样问题的各个方面。,8.3 包含定语从句的主
8、从复合句表示因果关系,1 To make a bomb, we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission. 制作原子弹,必须使用铀235,因为它的所有原子都可以裂变。 2 We cannot live on Mars, where there is no air and water. 我们不能在火星上生存,因为那里没有空气,也没有水。,8.4 so(.) that 或such(.) as引导的从句表示结果,其前面的主句或主句的一部分表示原因(或条件),1 Water is a good s
9、olvent for many substances, so that natural water is impure. 水能很好地溶解多种物质,所以自然水总是有杂质的。 2 For well designed and properly manufactured gear load transfer will be such that the tip of a tooth never takes a major. 齿轮如果设计合理,加工得当,载荷传递时,绝不会由齿顶承受主要载荷。,8.5 and前后的两个简单句之间,有时可以有因果关系;可以是前因后果,也可以是因果倒置,1 Sound is c
10、arried by air, and without air there can be no sound. 声音是靠空气传播的,因此没有空气就根本不会有声音。 2 As with salivation, conditioned gastric reflexes are easily established, and the sight or mention of food becomes a stimulation for secretion. 和流涎的情况一样,胃的条件反射也容易产生,因为看见食物或谈论到食物就能刺激产生分泌作用。 3 Heat the test tube further,
11、and a yellow gas will be seen to escape into the air.将试管进一步加热,就可以看到有一种黄色的气体逸到空气中。 4 One more effort, and you will succeed in your experiment. 再努力一下,你们的实验就成功了。 5 Thus the number of ions builds up very rapidly and a disruptive discharge, or spark, occurs. 这样,离子数目迅速增加,结果会发生击穿放电,也就是发生电火花。 6 Lack of adeq
12、uate lubrication promotes wear and shortens component life. 如果润滑不足,则会加快元件磨损,从而缩短元件使用寿命。,8.6并列法表示因果关系:两个并列句之间隐含因果关系,1 The boiling points of hydrocarbons are different. They can be removed from petroleum by controlling their temperature. 各种碳氢化合物的沸点不同,(因此)可以通过控制温度把它们从石油里分馏出来。 2 Magnetic measurement giv
13、e no information about the extent of the thermal area at depth. Volcanic rocks from inside the field were found to be nonmagnetic. 以前的调查发现,热田内部的火山岩为非磁性岩石。因此,磁测工作不可能提供有关这个地热区范围的资料。 3 For the moment, drilling has stopped. One of propulsion motors that control the automatic thrusters has malfunctioned.
14、 这时,钻探停了下来,原来控制自动推冲器的马达中有一台出了故障。,8.7 被动语态,1 That chance remained limited throughout the war by army policies that kept most Black units serving in rear echelon assignments and working in labor battalions. 由于军队政策把大多数黑人部队安置在后方指挥所或在劳务营中干活,这种战斗机会在整个战争中一直受限制。 2 The weight has been reduced by 80kg largely
15、 by the use of more plastics and aluminous components. 其重量减少了80公斤,主要是因为更多地采用了塑料和铝合金件。 3 The existence of organic chemistry is further justified by the importance of carbon compounds or mixtures in our lives. 有机化学的存在所以必要,还因为碳的化合物或混合物在我们日常生活中非常重要。 4 The end of the cold war has opened up the skies over
16、 Russia and China to aircraft flying to and from Asian destinations, but traffic is restricted by the lack of ground-based navigation aids. 冷战结束之后,俄罗斯和中国对往返亚洲各国的飞机开放了空域,但由于地面导航设备不足,空中交通量受到限制。,Chapter 9 Translation of Attributive Clause,9.1 combination 9.2 division 9.3 Attributive clauses functioning
17、 as adverbials,9.1 combination,The first thing that will be done is to measure the voltage across this component. 要做的第一件事是测出该元件两端的电压。 The force required to stretch a spring is proportional to the amount it is stretched. 拉伸弹簧所需的力正比于拉伸的长度。 Here we shall discuss only such factors as may cause distortio
18、ns of the signal. 这里我们将只讨论可能引起信号失真的那些因素。 The substance in which there are many free electrons is called a conductor. 存在许多自由电子的物质称为导体。,“Parallel” is used here to refer to two straight lines, the distance between which remains the same. 这里我们把“平行”这个词来指其间隔距离保持相同的两根直线。 Perhaps this is the death ray , whi
19、ch we often read about in science fiction. 也许这就是我们在科学幻想小说中常常读到的那种“死光”。 The factory has produced two kinds of chemicals, the quality of which is good. 这个工厂生产了两种高质量的化学制品。 Fig.2-1 represents a solid conductor of irregular shape, to which has been given a charge q. 图2-1显示了一个形状不规则且带有电荷q的固体导体。,9.2 divisio
20、n,The problem has been how to harness the tremendous power which the earth receives from the sun. 地球每天都从太阳那里获得巨大的能量，问题是如何利用这些能量。 Ohms law can be written as V=IR where V represents voltage, I current and R resistance. 欧姆定律可写成V=IR，式中V表示电压，I表示电流，R表示电阻。 During a fever there is an increase in metabolism
21、that is usually proportional to the amount of fever. 在发烧期间新陈代谢就会增强，其增强的程度通常与热度的高低成正比。 The growth of the computer industry created the need for trained personnel who do nothing but prepare the programs which direct the computer. 计算机工业的发展促使需要一种训练有素的人员，其任务是编制指挥计算机工作的程序。 The movement of free electrons i
22、n a conductor constitutes an electric current of which there are two kinds. 自由电子在导体中的运动形成了电流，而电流共有两种。,The lightest element is hydrogen, the atom of which consists of a nucleus of only one proton, round which revolves only one electron. 最轻的元素是氢，氢原子由一个氢核构成，这个氢核中只有一个质子，而绕氢核旋转的只有一个电子。 Some materials hav
23、e a very high resistance, because of which they can be used as insulators to prevent the leakage of current. 有些物质的电阻率很高，因此可以用作绝缘体来防止漏电。 The speed of sound in air at ordinary temperature is about 1,100 feet per second, which is about one mile in five seconds or about 700 miles per hour. 常温时，声音在空气中的速度
24、为每秒约1，100英尺，即大约每5秒1英里，或者每小时700英里。 Fat and oil molecules dissolve only in liquids whose molecules are similar to theirs, which is why gasoline is a solvent for these compounds. 脂肪和油分子只溶解在分子与它们类似的液体中，这就是为什么汽油是这些化合物的溶剂的原因。 Some materials are liable to absorb moisture, which will adversely affect their
25、insulating properties. 某些材料容易受潮，这会降低它们的绝缘性能。,9.3 Attributive clauses functioning as adverbials,9.3.1 A-Adverbial of Cause The reverse current, which is small, can often be neglected. 这种反向电流由于很小，因而常常可忽略不计。 Rockets perform best in space, where there is no atmosphere to impede their motion. 火箭在太空中运行最佳，
26、因为那儿不存在阻止它们运动的大气。 A solid fuel, like coal or wood, can only burn at the surface, where it comes into contact with the air. 固体燃料，如煤和木材，只能表面燃烧，因为表面接触空气。 To make an atom bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission. 制造原子弹必须用铀235，因为它的所有原子都可以裂变。 Matter has certain fea
27、tures or properties that enable us to recognize it easily. 物质具有一定的特征和特性，因此极易识别。,9.3.2 A-Adverbials of Result,The molecules of a body are separated by small spaces, within which they move rapidly about. 物体的分子之间存在着很小的空隙，从而分子在其中能迅速地移动。 Copper, which is used so widely for carrying electricity, offers ve
28、ry little resistance. 铜的电阻很小，所以广泛地用来传输电力。 We have to oil the moving parts of the machine, the friction of which may be greatly reduced. 我们必须给机器的运动部件加油润滑，以使摩擦大大减少。,9.3.3 A-Adverbials of Concession,Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man. 尽管电子计算
29、机有许多优点，但是它们不能进行创造性的工作，也不代替人。 Potential energy that is not so obvious as kinetic energy exists in many things. 势能虽然不像动能那样明显，但是它存在于许多物体中。 Friction, which is often considered as a trouble, is sometimes a help in the operation of machines. 摩擦虽然常被认为是一种障碍，但有时却有助于机器的运转。 Nowadays it is understood that a die
30、t which contains nothing harmful may result in serious diseases if certain important elements are missing. 现在人们已经懂得，如果食物缺少了某些重要成分，即使其中不含有任何有害物质，也会引起严重疾病。,9.3.4 A-Adverbials of Condition,The melting point of steel the carbon content of which is lower is higher. 若钢的含碳量较低，其熔点就越高。 A body that contains o
31、nly atoms with same general properties is called an element. 一种物质，如果所包含的原子性质都相同，则称之为元素。 For any machine whose in put and out put forces are known, its mechanical advantage can be calculated. 对于任何机器来说，如果已知其输入力和输出力，就能求出其机械效率。 Those machine parts the surfaces of which are pitted, must be found and chan
32、ged. 如果机器部件的表面起了麻点，就必须找出来更换。 Cancer should be suspected in persons who have any of these symptoms and signs for unaccountable causes and for an unreasonable period of time. 如果病人具有任何这些症状和体征，病因又难以说明，而且持续时间又过长，就就怀疑患癌症。,9.3.5 A-Adverbials of Purpose,A pipe will be used through which the laser beam will
33、be sent. 人们将使用管道来传送激光束。 Then we subject the semiconductor to impurity doping, which turns it into either a p-type or an n-type semiconductor. 然后我们使半导体经过掺杂，以将其转变P型或n型半导体。 We have to oil the moving parts of the machine, the friction of which may be greatly reduced. 我们必须给机器的运动部件加油润滑，以使摩擦大大减少。,9.3.6 A-
34、Adverbials of time,The difference of these two signals is the ac error signal, which then is fed into the isolator amplifier. 这两个信号之差为交流误差信号，然后就把这个信号馈入隔离放大器。 Electricity which is passed through the thin tungsten wire inside the bulb makes the wire very hot. 当电通过灯泡里的细钨丝时，会使钨丝达到很高的温度。,Chapter 10 Nomin
35、al Clauses,10.1 subject Clause 10.2 object Clause 10.3 predictive clause 10.4 Appositive clause,10.1 subject Clause,That this phenomenon has connection with reflection may be seen from Fig.2 从图2可以看出，这一现象与反射有关。 It is of interest that every function can be approximated by simple functions. 有趣的是，每个函数均可
36、用一些简单函数来近似。 It can happen that the overall phase shift becomes zero. 可能会发生这样的情况：整个相位移变为零。 If two numbers are to be added, it does not matter in which order they are added. 若要把这两个数加起来，那么按哪种次序来相加是没有关系。,10.2 object Clause,Temperature determines in what direction the transfer of heat will take place. 温度
37、确定了热传递的方向。 This equation tells us how much the speed has increased because of the acceleration. 这个方程告诉我们，由于加速度的关系速度提高了多少。 The energy that goes in must be equal to what goes out. 输入的能量必须等于输出的能量。 Strain is a measure of how much a body is deformed by stress. 应变是应力使物体发生形变程度的一种度量。,10.3 predictive clause,
38、That is how a computer works. 这就是计算机的工作原理。 That is why it is necessary for us to study the laws of heat transfer. 这就是为什么我们需要学习热传递规律的理由。 The result will be that this potential difference will exist between the ends of the conductor. 其结果是：在导体两端将会存在这个电位差。 Let the point at which the slope is equal to th
39、at of PQ be where x=c. 设其斜率与线段PQ的斜率相等的那个点位于x=c处。,10.4 Appositive clause,An equation is an algebraic statement that two algebraic expressions are equal. 方程式是两个代数式相等的一种代数表达。 These arguments do not preclude the possibility that some kind of primitive life form exists elsewhere in the solar system. 这些论点
40、并不排除在太阳系的其他地方存在某种原始生命形态的可能性。 However, the writing of chemical symbols in the form of an equation does not give any assurance that the reaction shown will actually occur. 但是，将化学符号写成反应式，并不意味着所表示的反应确实会发生。 There is an ample experimental evidence that actually the mass of a body is a function of the velocity of the body. 充分的实验证据表明：实际上，物体的质量是该物体速度的函数。,
