1、印地语字母发音资料,从网上大学等资料处进行整理,元音发音,发音说明: A low-mid or mid central unrounded vowel, similar to the first, de-stressed vowel in the English vert “subject“, or to the vowel in English “but“, articulated with the lips somewhat closer together than in southern stardard English.,元音 Vowels,发音说明: A low central un
2、reounded vowel, similar to the first vowel in English “father“ (but in sounthern standard English pronunciation the vowel is articulated further back in the mouth than is the case with Hindi ).,元音 Vowels,发音说明: A quite high front unrounded vowel, rather like the vowel in English “sit“ in sounthern st
3、andard English pronunciatino. (In some pronunciations of English the vowel “i“ is articulated rather lower in the mouth than is the case with Hindi i.) Many speakers of Hindi often employ a higher, tenser, somewhat longer pronunciation of this vowel than that indicated here (in which it is less dist
4、inct from the fllowing vowel, ).,元音 Vowels,发音说明: A high fornt unrounded vowel, similar to the vowel in English “seat“ in sounthern standard English pronunciation. (In some pronunciations of English the vowel is articulated lower in the mouth and more laxly than is the case with Hindi ).,元音 Vowels,发音
5、说明: A quite high back rounded vowel, rather like the vowel in English “put“ in sounthern standard English pronunciation, though tending to be slightly higher. (In some pronunciations of English the vowel u is articulated distinctly lower in the mouth than is the case with Hindi u.) Many speakers of
6、Hindi often employ a higher, tenser, somewhat longer pronunciation of this vowel than indicdated here (in which it is less distinct form the following vowel, ).,元音 Vowels,发音说明: A high back rounded vowel, rather like the vowel in English food in sounthern standard English pronunciation, but with slig
7、htly less lip rounding than this vowel sometimes receives in that pronunciation. (In some pronunciations of English the vowel is articulated with much less lip rounding than is the case with Hindi .),元音 Vowels,发音说明: A high-mid front unrounded vowel, similar to the first vowel in German geben or Fren
8、ch t. This sound does not occur as a single vowel in most pronunciations of English, but is similar to the first component of the diphthong herad in the sountern standard English pronunciation of the word play. Most English speakers need to take special care not to pronounce a diphthong for e.,元音 Vo
9、wels,发音说明: The sound represented by the digraph ai is frequently a low to low-mid front unrounded vowel, rather like the vowel in English had in sounthern standard English pronunciation, but tending often to be pronounced with a slightly higher point of articulation (as in many other pronunciations
10、of the word had). The student is recommended to adopt this monophthongal type of pronunciation, which is fairly normal in the western part of the Hindi language area. Elsewhere a diphthongal pronunciation of the sound is common (Hindi a + short e usually; sometimes a + i).,元音 Vowels,发音说明: A high-mid
11、 back rounded vowel, similar to the vowel in German Sohn or French beau. This sound does not occur as a single vowel in most pronunciations of English, but is similar to the first component of the diphthong heard in Scottish or American pronunciations of the word go. Most English speakers need to ta
12、ke special care not to pronounce a diphthong for o.,元音 Vowels,发音说明: The sound represented by the digraph au is frequently a low-mid to mid back rounded vowel, somewhat like the vowel in English nod in southern standard English pronunciation, but rather longer, and tending usually to be pronounced wi
13、th a slightly higher point of articulation. The student is recommended to adopt this monophthongal type of pronunciation, which is fairly normal in the western part of the Hindi language area. Elsewhere a diphthongal pronunciation of the sound is common (Hindi a + short o usually; sometimes a + u).,
14、元音 Vowels,发音说明: All vowels may be pronounced with or without nasality. The articulation of a vowel generally does not change when it is nasalized; note particularly that nasalized does not have the value of French nasalized in enfant, which shows low back, not low central, vowels. The point of artic
15、ulation of e and o, however, tends to be slightly lowered when these vowels are nasalized.,元音 Vowels,发音说明:,元音 Vowels,发音说明:,元音 Vowels,k Group Velars 软颚音,发音说明: Velar plosive, similar to unaspirated k in English skin (but not to k in most English speakers pronunciation of kin, king, etc., which is aspi
16、rated).,辅音 K-Group Velars,发音说明: Aspirated consonant corresponds to the unaspirated consonant.,辅音 K-Group Velars,发音说明: Velar plosive; as English g in the word go.,辅音 K-Group Velars,发音说明: One of the voice aspirated plosives. These sounds are difficult for ono-Indian (and some Indian) learners of Hindi
17、. The difficulty is to keep both plosive and aspiration voiced, (accompanied by vibration of the vocal chords), and at the same time to avoid allowing a vowel to intervene between them, i.e. to avoid saying either khar or gahar for ghar, etc. Constant practice of these sounds is necesary. It may be
18、helpful at first to try repeating the sound-group hg-hg-hg as quickly as possible, when h will probably coalesce with preceding g as voiced rather than voiceless aspiration (similarly with hj, hd, etc). Voiced aspirates before consonants and at the end of words tend to show reduced aspiration; thus
19、ghar has more aspiration than samajhn, bgh.,辅音 K-Group Velars,发音说明: Velar nasal; as the final consonant in southern standard English sing. Occurs chiefly before velar k, g, kh, gh, and glottal h.,辅音 K-Group Velars,ch Group Pre-palatals 颚前音,发音说明: Pre-palatal affricate; the closest English equivalent
20、is ch in church, etc., but Hindi c has minimum aspiration, and is more tense in articulation than English ch. The student will be helped to avoid aspiration by keeping the tongue tip down in the mouth, behind the bottom teeth, and trying to say ty rather than ch.,辅音 Ch-Group Pre-palatal,发音说明: Aspira
21、ted consonant corresponds to the unaspirated consonant.,辅音 Ch-Group Pre-palatal,发音说明: Pre-palatal affricate; similar to English j, but with a more tense articulation than that which is often shown by this sound. The student may produce a more Indian j by keeping the tongue tip down in the mouth and
22、trying to say dy rather than j.,辅音 Ch-Group Pre-palatal,发音说明: One of the voice aspirated plosives. These sounds are difficult for ono-Indian (and some Indian) learners of Hindi. The difficulty is to keep both plosive and aspiration voiced, (accompanied by vibration of the vocal chords), and at the s
23、ame time to avoid allowing a vowel to intervene between them, i.e. to avoid saying either khar or gahar for ghar, etc. Constant practice of these sounds is necesary. It may be helpful at first to try repeating the sound-group hg-hg-hg as quickly as possible, when h will probably coalesce with preced
24、ing g as voiced rather than voiceless aspiration (similarly with hj, hd, etc). Voiced aspirates before consonants and at the end of words tend to show reduced aspiration; thus ghar has more aspiration than samajhn, bgh.,辅音 Ch-Group Pre-palatal,发音说明:,辅音 Ch-Group Pre-palatal,T Group Retroflexes 卷舌音,发音
25、说明: Voiceless unaspirated and Retroflex plosive; the closest English equivalent is the unaspirated t in steam, stop, etc. The tongue tip is retroflexed so that its underside touches the roof of the mouth, usually further back than in the case of English t (in which the tip touches the alveolum or ri
26、dge behind the teeth). Note that t in most English speakers pronunciation of team, top, etc., is aspirated, and is not a good model for the articulation of Hindi .,辅音 T-Group Retroflexes,发音说明: The aspirated consonant correspond to the unaspirated consonant. Note: h and th must be carefully distingui
27、shed.,辅音 T-Group Retroflexes,发音说明:,辅音 T-Group Retroflexes,发音说明: One of the voice aspirated plosives. These sounds are difficult for ono-Indian (and some Indian) learners of Hindi. The difficulty is to keep both plosive and aspiration voiced, (accompanied by vibration of the vocal chords), and at the
28、 same time to avoid allowing a vowel to intervene between them, i.e. to avoid saying either khar or gahar for ghar, etc. Constant practice of these sounds is necesary. It may be helpful at first to try repeating the sound-group hg-hg-hg as quickly as possible, when h will probably coalesce with prec
29、eding g as voiced rather than voiceless aspiration (similarly with hj, hd, etc). Voiced aspirates before consonants and at the end of words tend to show reduced aspiration; thus ghar has more aspiration than samajhn, bgh.,辅音 T-Group Retroflexes,发音说明: Retroflex nasal. Occurs before retroflex , h, h,
30、and in Sanskrit loanwords (where it is often replaced by dental n or , where an effort is made to distinguish it from n, by a nasalized retroflex flap ; for the flap in Hindi see below).,辅音 T-Group Retroflexes,T Group Dentals 舌尖音,发音说明: Dental unaspirated plosive, in which the tongue tip touches the
31、teeth, not the ridge behind the teeth. This articulation of t is common in English before a word beginning with a dental fricative, e.g. in the sequence at the . It is most important that the student should master the pronunciation of t and other dental sounds in Hindi and distinguish them from the
32、corresponding retroflexes.,辅音 T-Group Dentals,发音说明: The aspirated consonant correspond to the unaspirated consonant. Note: h and th must be carefully distinguished.,辅音 T-Group Dentals,发音说明:,辅音 T-Group Dentals,发音说明: One of the voice aspirated plosives. These sounds are difficult for ono-Indian (and s
33、ome Indian) learners of Hindi. The difficulty is to keep both plosive and aspiration voiced, (accompanied by vibration of the vocal chords), and at the same time to avoid allowing a vowel to intervene between them, i.e. to avoid saying either khar or gahar for ghar, etc. Constant practice of these s
34、ounds is necesary. It may be helpful at first to try repeating the sound-group hg-hg-hg as quickly as possible, when h will probably coalesce with preceding g as voiced rather than voiceless aspiration (similarly with hj, hd, etc). Voiced aspirates before consonants and at the end of words tend to s
35、how reduced aspiration; thus ghar has more aspiration than samajhn, bgh.,辅音 T-Group Dentals,发音说明: Dental nasal, distinguished from as t from , etc.,辅音 T-Group Dentals,P Group Labials 唇音,发音说明: Bilabial plosive, similar to unaspirated p in English spin (but not to p in most English speakers pronunciat
36、ion of pin, pat, etc., which is aspirated).,辅音 P-Group Labials,发音说明: Aspirated consonant corresponds to the unaspirated consonant p.,辅音 P-Group Labials,发音说明: As English b.,辅音 P-Group Labials,发音说明: One of the voice aspirated plosives. These sounds are difficult for ono-Indian (and some Indian) learne
37、rs of Hindi. The difficulty is to keep both plosive and aspiration voiced, (accompanied by vibration of the vocal chords), and at the same time to avoid allowing a vowel to intervene between them, i.e. to avoid saying either khar or gahar for ghar, etc. Constant practice of these sounds is necesary.
38、 It may be helpful at first to try repeating the sound-group hg-hg-hg as quickly as possible, when h will probably coalesce with preceding g as voiced rather than voiceless aspiration (similarly with hj, hd, etc). Voiced aspirates before consonants and at the end of words tend to show reduced aspira
39、tion; thus ghar has more aspiration than samajhn, bgh.,辅音 P-Group Labials,发音说明: Bilabial nasal; as English m.,辅音 P-Group Labials,Y Group Semivowels 半元音,发音说明: Voiceless pre-palatal fricative; similar to English sh, but often more tense in articulation.,半元音 Y-Group Semivowels,发音说明: Voiceless retroflex
40、 fricative. Can be practised by placing the tongue in the position to pronouce , then withdrawing it to allow the passage of breath. This sound only occurs in Sanskrit loanwords and is often replaced by .,半元音Y-Group Semivowels,发音说明: Voiceless alveolar or post-dental fricative; similar to English s.,
41、半元音Y-Group Semivowels,发音说明: Voiced glottal fricative. English h is not regularly voiced, and effort will usually be required by the student to make the vocal chords vibrate throughout the articulation of the Hindi sound. The expiration of air which accompanies the voice often gives an effect of brea
42、thiness in the pronunciation of a word containing h. h 在词尾或者辅音前时往往会变成ha的发音. 如果h后面没有元音音节, 前面是元音a, 则发音会变成短音e, 如英文中的bet. 例rahn, kaht, kah. 如果h前为a, 后为u, 则变成短的, 如英文中的nod. 例bahut 当h前面为非重音的a, 且在词尾, 则发音趋于淡化. 在一般谈话与快速谈话中常见. 但也有另一种发音, 保留了h的音节, 此时h的发音提到了a之前.,半元音Y-Group Semivowels,Flaps 拍音,发音说明: Retroflex flap.
43、 The tongue is retroflexed as for pronouncing , but the tip, instead of making firm contact with the roof of the mouth, is flapped quickly forward, touching the roof of the mouth only lightly or not at all, and finishes behind the lower teeth. This sound does not occur initially in words. For nasali
44、zed ,拍音 Flaps,发音说明: Aspirated retroflex flap.,拍音 Flaps,Sanskrit letters 梵文字母,发音说明:,梵文字 Sanskrit letter,发音说明:,梵文字 Sanskrit letter,发音说明:,梵文字 Sanskrit letter,Persian letters 波斯字母,发音说明:,波斯字母 Persian letter,发音说明:,波斯字母 Persian letter,发音说明:,波斯字母 Persian letter,发音说明:,波斯字母 Persian letter,发音说明:,波斯字母 Persian letter,
