1、1英语完形填空技巧学案2010.11.16 孝高高三英语备课组教学内容1:了解高考完形填空设置要求2: 学习利用一些完形填空解题技巧3: 结合期中考试进行分析训练能力目标:能熟练并运用完形填空解题规律。情感目标:综合能力培养,从完形填空中融入人生。课前自我反省:你平时做完形填空时有没有先前的思考?比如:做题时间?你渴望怎样的文章内容?你估计能做几个?你想用怎样的方式解题?等等课前自主学习:1:完形填空之我见完形填空是高考英语中的一个重要综合性题型。其设置的问题大致可分为三类:词语搭配、 结构搭配和逻辑搭配。它是一种综合考 查学生语言能力,尤其是语篇层次上交际能力的 较难题型。通常情况下,完形填
2、空题是一篇与高中英语教材篇目难度大致相当的短文,文中有 20 个单词或短语被挖掉。考生必须通读短文,通篇考虑,掌握其大意,综 合运用所学的词汇、 语法等知 识,然后从所给的四个选项中选出最佳答案填空,使短文意思通顺,前后 连贯,结构完整。所选短文一般在 300 个 单词左右,文章第一句一般不 设空。完形填空已经形成了明确的命题风格与题型特征,能够比较客 观地反映考生运用英 语知识的能力。解 题过程中,即要求考生熟练运用词汇的意义、用法、搭配及语法知识,又要求考生具 备较强的 阅读能力,能 够根据上下文线索进 行通篇考虑,而后做出正确判断。2:完形填空之设题一:完形填空题型特点1、阅读文章短,设
3、空多为了测试学生的语言知识综合能力,控制试题短文长度及挖空密度是必要的。一般来说,短文的长度在 250-300 个单词左右。平均每两空间隔 12 个左右单词。 2、考查重语境,轻语法 从近 10 年的高考完形填空试题来看,完全考查语法知识的题几乎没有。百分之九十五的题都是四个选项的语法功能和结构相同,只有通过文章情节既语境才能做出正确作答。3、考查实词多,虚词少实词是指那些能够独立承当句子成分的词,如名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词等;虚词则是指连词、介词、冠词等完形填空的选项设计百分之八十左右为实词。二:完形填空出题方向:1、词汇:某些词义的识别,同义词辨析。英语习惯用法的熟悉程度。2、语法结
4、构:语法规则的实际应用。3、语篇句意:从语篇角度,即上下文和情景语境综合测试考生的阅读理解能力4. 逻辑推理和生活常识三:考试题型:(一)词汇题:单纯地考单词或短语的释义:1.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety _.A. comes off B. turns up C. pays off D. holds up 答案:C.词汇辨析题:主要是指同义词、近义词的辨析,这类题较难。2.They are needed for _ f
5、ood into energy and body maintenance. A. shifting B. transferring C. altering D. transforming 答案:D.固定短语搭配题:3.With it, astronauts will acquire a workhouse vehicle _ of flying into space and returning many times.2A. capable B. suitable C. efficient D. fit 答案:A.(二)语法题: 语法结构题,主要是考结构词:代词、介词和从句连接词。4.Moreo
6、ver, inaccurate or indefinite words may make _ difficult for the listener to understand the message which is being transmitted to him. A. that B. it C. so D. this 答案:B.(三)语篇题:文章的上下文决定所缺处所选择的词.这一考点要求学生根据文章的整体内容进行理解,根据层次结构和内容的逻辑关系,去选择符合文章情节的答案,这也叫情景意义的选择.5.Getting enough vitamins is essential to life,
7、 although the body has no nutritional use for excess vitamins. Many people _ believe in being on the “safe side“ and thus take extra vitamins.A. nevertheless B. therefore C. moreover D. meanwhile 答案:A3:完形填空之解题一:完形填空解题技巧【技巧一】利用逻辑联词,定位相关选项 逻辑关系语指表示各种逻辑意义的连句手段,主要有:(1)词(包括连词、副词和少数介词),如 and, but, or, bec
8、ause, though, however, yet, therefore, otherwise, despite 等;(2)短语,如 in other words, or rather, in addition, as a result, so that, on the contrary, instead of 等;(3)分句和独立结构,如 that is to say, what is more, all things considered 等。逻辑关系语对准确理解语篇意义能够起到很强的提示作用。完形填空中很多题目都围绕它们而设。考生在解题时要充分利用这些逻辑关系语,找到与文中某些词、短语
9、有密切关系的选项,如其同义词、近义词或反义词等,有时这些词、短语甚至复现在文中。 【例】 The girl became increasingly worried about this, both when_46_and in her dreams. (07全国卷 I) 46. A. asleep B. away C. around D. awake 【析】本句的逻辑关系语是 both . and .,它表示并列关系。and 后出现了 in her dreams,故此空必定和其有关。选项中只有 awake 和 in her dreams 构成反义关系,因此 D 项正确。 【例】 Before
10、leaving, I had turned the heater_48_in the roadhouse, so that when we went in, it was nice and_49_.(07 湖北卷) 48. A. on B. off C. in D. over 49. A. neat B. hot C. warm D. attractive 【析】本句的逻辑关系语是 so that 和 and。连词 and 表并列关系,但要注意,nice and 后接形容词或副词,大多意为“很”,如:The room is nice and warm. (这个房间很暖和。) / The bre
11、eze is nice and cool. (这阵微笑很凉爽。) / The car is going nice and far. (这辆轿车跑得很快。)发热器只能使房间变暖或变热,因此 49 选 C;so that 表因果关系,根据句意“为了我们进来时室内很温暖”,只有 turn on the heater 才合乎逻辑,因此 48 选 A。 【技巧小试】 . those challenges are the very things that_37_us and make us who we are . (07 山东卷)37. A. design B. promote C. direct D.
12、 shape Its a little funny seeing friends in clean shoes and trousers or colorful_36_, instead of the usual school uniform. (07 北京卷) 36. A. shapes B. dresses C. flowers D. pictures “You need_36_,” his father said. “But if you dont work hard, no fortune will come.” (07 辽宁卷) 36. A. exercise B. fortune
13、C. knowledge D. wealth 【技巧二】通晓上下文意,注意习惯搭配 词汇的习惯用法或固定搭配,特别是动词、名词、形容词、介词等的搭配在完形填空题中出现的比例很大。如果考生在备考时对常用的习惯用法或固定搭配能牢固地掌握,并在解题时灵活运用,就能达到事半功倍的效果。【例】 A young man, wet from_42_to toe, explained that he had_43_out of petrol about 30 km up the road. (07 湖北卷) 42. A. finger B. shoulder C. head D. hand 343. A. d
14、riven B. used C. come D. run 【析】本句中两个考点都是固定搭配。第一个 from head to toe / foot 意为 “从头到脚,全身上下”;第二个 run out of 意为 “用完,耗尽”。答案分别为 C 和 D。 【例】 Java began to enjoy one of the years greatest event: “the Night of the Full Moon”, a festival(节日)that is especially popular_44_young people.(07 安徽卷) 44. A.for B.to C.wi
15、th D.in 【析】 be popular with 为固定词组,意为“受欢迎”。其它选项均不能和 popular 构成搭配,答案为C。 【技巧小试】 He tried to_31_a telephone call, but was unable to_32_. (07 浙江卷) 31. A. make B. fix C. use D. pick 32. A. get on B. get up C. get through D. get in He got good grades in the school, especially_43_biology and chemistry, whic
16、h was a great comfort.(07 重庆卷) 43. A. in B. about C. of D. for 【技巧三】明确文章语境,搞清词语差异 高考完形填空选项的设置一般均属于同一词类,有的甚至在意义上也非常接近。为了顺利解答此类问题,考生在平时记忆单词时,要在例句中把握其用法并能在考试中结合语境,比较四个选项的细微差别,推敲什么是最佳答案。 【例】 I felt the_48_of a lifetime had come.(07 江西卷) 48. A. moment B. period C. while D. date 【析】 四个选项均有“日期、时期”之意,但仔细辨析可
17、知,moment 意为“时刻、契机”,“转机”;period 意为“时期、阶段”;while 意为“一会儿”;date 意为“日期”。根据 of a lifetime had come(一生的到了)设置的语境,可知 moment 为最佳选项。 【例】 . the lady didnt take a bite. She sat there_34_her husband eat, and taking turns (轮流) sipping the drink.(07 陕西卷) 34. A. seeing B. noticing C. watching D. finding 【析】四个选项都有“看”
18、之意。see sb. do sth.意为“看见了某人做了某事”;notice sb. do sth. 意为“(无意中)注意到某人做了某事”;watch sb. do sth. 意为 “注视 / 观看某人做某事”,find 后不接动词原形作宾补。通过语境可知,女士自己不吃,只是看着丈夫吃,因此 C 项正确。 【技巧小试】 The doors had been shut. They_30_be opened from the inside. He was trapped(被困) in a library. (07 浙江卷) 30. A. wouldnt B. shouldnt C. couldnt
19、 D. neednt I was so nervous that my hands shook, and I_47_a cup into pieces. (07 湖南卷) 47. A. damaged B. destroyed C. broke D. ruined 【技巧四】探究前后逻辑,确定连接词汇 连接词是构成语篇的纽带,也是相关语句信息的结合点。命题人常在这些“关节”上设置题目,考查学生的语用能力。因此,考生在解题时,要仔细分析,推理前后的逻辑关系,确定最佳选项。 【例】 She had excellent grades,_24_she always thought that somet
20、hing was missing.(07 天津卷)24. A. orB. soC. forD. but 【析】 根据空前的 excellent grades 和空后的 always 和 something was missing,可推知“她”成绩虽突出,可对生活仍不满足,故选择转折连词 but,即答案为 D。 【例】 .“Would you mind telling me when you are thinking of leaving?_40_are you going to sit in your car all day?” (07 全国卷 II) 40. A. For B. Or C.
21、But D. So 【析】根据空前的 leaving 和空后的 sit in your car all day,说明对方在询问并让“我”做出选择,从而推知答案为表示选择关系的连词 or。 【技巧小试】 My body had long since used up all its energy_50_it went on running just the same.(07 江西卷)50. A. so B. But C. or D. as I told her I would mess it up_37_I had never worked at the bar before.(07 湖南卷) 4
22、37. A. because B. though C. until D. while 【技巧五】利用语法关联,推理最佳选项 虽然高考完型填空的考查越来越淡化语法,但一个语义连贯的语篇必须通过省略、指代、时间或地点关联等语法关系来实现。因此,命题人常利用这些关联“制造语境”,设置考点。考生解题时可利用这些语法关系对句子进行分析、判断并推理出最佳选项。 【例】 I was too busy_55_the restaurant I would open one day.(07 湖南卷) A. imagining B. preparing C. examining D. describing 【析】如
23、果不看下文时态,很难确定选项。但空后 would 表明“我”将在未来某一天开自己的饭店,从而推知现在只是在忙着“想像”将来的情景,故答案为 A。 【例】 That day, he(Lang Lang) told his father_45_he had been waiting to hearthat he wanted to study with a new teacher.(07 辽宁卷) 45. A. that B. what C. which D. when 【析】 07 辽宁卷讲述了青年钢琴家郎朗年幼时学钢琴的故事。解答此题的关键在于确定第二个 he 的指代对象。如果他指 Lang
24、Lang,则句子不但在语法上错误,而且在语义上也讲不通。可见 45 空要选一个既能引导宾语从句,又能在从句中当 hear 的宾语的词,在四个待选词中只有 what 才能胜任,所以应选 B。破折号之后的 that从句是 what 的同位语从句。 【技巧小试】 . he would say, “If you want them, make the money and buy them_39_.”(07 福建卷) 39. A. themselves B. ourselves C. yourself D. myself In dealing with many challenges that frie
25、ndship will bring to you, try to see them for50they are: small hurdles you need to jump . . (07 山东卷) 50. A. what B. who C. where D. which 【技巧六】联系生活常识,再现相关情景 完形填空题所选的文章多是具有一定故事情节和教育意义的记叙文或叙议结合、富有哲理的论说文,这些语篇都非常贴近学生生活。考生在解题时,可以根据生活常识或结合常识充分地想像当时的情景,从而达到去“伪”存“真”的目的。 【例】 . the girl was able to lead her b
26、irds to run across the grass, but she could not teach them to_45_.(07 全国卷 I) 45. A. fly B. race C. swim D. sing 【析】 根据常识,人类可以 race、swim 或 sing,但是不会直接像鸟一样振翅飞翔,因此小女孩不能教给鸟儿“飞翔”,故答案为 A。 【例】 Everywhere, there were the paper remains of used fireworks lying on the ground. Little boys_39_more and covered th
27、eir ears as they waited_40_for the explosions.(07 安徽卷) 39. A. lit B. bought C. piled D. removed 40. A. patiently B. calmly C. worriedly D. excitedly 【析】语境中的 Everywhere, there were the paper remains of (used) fireworks lying on the ground.和covered their ears 使我们联想起节日放鞭炮或观看别人放鞭炮的情景,即点上鞭炮后兴奋地跑开,捂着耳朵等着其
28、爆炸。因此 39 题答案为 A,40 题为 D。 【技巧小试】 Well, less than a week after my arrival in Manila, I was already carpeted with a_43_of mosquito bites. I took many measures to keep myself from being_44_, but they all proved useless. (07 四川卷) 43. A. shade B. pile C. cloud D. blanket 44. A. touched B. bitten C. defeat
29、ed D. discovered By midnight, the fireworks had stopped shooting up from the_55_city in the valley below them. But during the night, the sound continued to be heard from the distance.(07 安徽卷) 55. A. clean B. gray C. peaceful D. empty 【技巧七】突破句子束缚,捕捉篇章信息 每篇完形填空都围绕一个主题展开,其结构严谨,上下文互为映衬,前后照应,所以解题时考生不要只局限
30、在句子层面上,而要从段落或整篇文章入手,整体把握文章的内容,结合上下文,寻找答案的线索。 【例】 In the clinic, I asked if Michael could be retested, so the specialist tested him again. To my_36_, it was the same score. Later that evening, I_37_told Frank what I had learned that day. After talking it over, we 5agreed that we knew our_38_much bett
31、er than an IQ(智商) test. . After the ceremony, we told Michael about the_47_IQ score he got when he was six. Since that day, Michael sometimes would look at us and say jokingly,“My dear mom and dad never told me that I couldnt be a doctor, not until after I graduated from medical school!” . We went t
32、o the same clinic where he had receive the test eighteen years before. This time Michael scored 126, an increase of 36 points.(07 重庆卷) 36. A. joy B. surprise C. dislike D. disappointment 37. A. tearfully B. fearfully C. cheerfully D. hopefully 38. A. student B. son C. friend D. doctor 47. A. high B.
33、 same C. low D. different 【析】 07 重庆卷的完形填空以第一人称讲述了如何对待孩子的成长问题。开头就提到 Michael 的智商测试,随之设置的几个题目都和此有关,可是在本段没有线索。但读到文章最后,“This time Michael scored 126, an increase of 36 points.”,我们茅塞顿开,原来 Michael 是 “我们”的儿子(38. B),六岁时接受了一次智商测试,分数很低(47. C), “我”很失望(36. D),所以“ 我” 眼含泪水告诉丈夫 Frank 测试结果(37. A)。 【技巧小试】 (首段) Caroly
34、n Stradley is the founder of C & S Paving In C. (铺路公司) in Atlanta, USA. In the following account, she recalls the job that challenged her_36_and skill but left her flying high. (尾段) .“The key to our success was having the courage to take on any job and then being creative in our approach to getting
35、it done.” (07 江苏卷) 36. A. kindnessB. patience C. imaginationD. experience (首段). All you need is a webcam and your pretty face to access your PC. (尾段) . If the system_29_to recognize your_30_, you can recall the Windows user name and password by using a hot-key combination.(07 广东卷) 29. A. begins B. t
36、ries C. fails D. stops 30. A. account B. name C. password D. face 【技巧八】了解文化背景,排除错误选项 完形填空的语篇信息常交织渗透着各类相关的文化背景知识。有些选项的设置与文化背景有关,这就要求考生有较宽的知识面,同时具备一定的文化意识,特别要有对英语国家文化的敏感性和鉴别力,只有这样才能既快又准确解题。 【例】 We arrived in Spain for the first time a few weeks ago. I decided to buy a car because we had sold the one w
37、e had in England. . But when I turned into the main road I suddenly saw a lot of cars racing_31_me.(07 全国卷 II) 31. A. after B. with C. around D. towards 【析】从语篇提供的信息看,“我”来自英国。在英国开车要靠左行驶,那么可以推知作者来到西班牙后,行驶方向出了问题,以致于造成一系列的错误。如果了解此文化知识,对全文的把握就会更加准确。答案为 D。 【技巧小试】 Now she was Portia, a strong-willed_17_in
38、Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice. .(07 天津卷) 17. A. member B. actress C. player D. character . On the day of the audition(选拔试演), she_34_two of Portias famous speeches for the auditors. When she had finished, the head of the Drama Club announced the_35_was hers. (07 天津卷) 34. A. practiced B. planned
39、 C. performed D. delivered 35. A. part B. play C. speech D. position 二:完形填空解题建议1 充满信心,沉着冷静。 2、精读首句,预知内容。 3. 通读全文,粗选答案。 4上下前后,寻找信息。 5. 形意结合,前后参照 6. 先易后难,迂回解题 7把握结构,语篇分析。 8. 了解常识,确定知识。9 .必要排除,推断事物 10. 全文贯通,复查核定。两个忠告: 1)多做高考真题; 2)不求 100%的理解和正确率,只求训练过程和良好解题习惯的养成。课内小组学习:6分析期中考试完形填空.课后练习:每日一练 11.15教师共勉: 能力的体现在于勤奋探索,学 习的成绩在于能力体 现!