1、Lecture 8:,Emily Dickinson (18301886),Life Experiences (1830 - 1886),* One of Americas most famous poets in Amherst, Massachusetts * A prominent family, the second daughter *Amerherst Academy * 1850s: In her twenties, Emily led a certain social life, but she became more reclusive with each passing y
2、ear * 1860s: By her thirties, she stayed to her home and withdrew when visitors arrived with a reputation as a myth. When people did catch sight of her, she was always wearing white. * On June 14, 1884: she suffered the first attack of her terminal illness(不治之病). * On May 15, 1886: Emily took her la
3、st breath at the age of 56 and she never got married.,Important men in Dickinsons life:,Thomas Wentworth Higginson, a poetry critic for The Atlantic Monthly, who later helped gathering her poems for publications. Benjamin Newton, a law student in her fathers office, who introduced her to Emersons wo
4、rks and other prominent literary works. The Reverend Charles Wadsworth, toward whom Dickinson might possess a deep love passion.,Works of Emily Dickson,Subjects based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows,(1) religion doubt and belief about religious subjects (2) death and immortality (3) lovesufferin
5、g and frustration caused by love (4) physical aspect of desire (5) nature kind and cruel (6) free will and human responsibility,Features of Dickinsons poetry:,telling images, suggestive and connotative, sometimes incomprehensiblea severe economy of expressiondirect and plain words, simple syntaxfaul
6、ty grammarno regular rhythmunusual capitalization without titlesunusual use of punctuation marksrhetoric techniques: personification make some of abstract ideas vivid,A bird came down the walk,A Bird Came Down the Walk,A Bird came down the Walk He did not know I saw He bit an angle-worm in halves An
7、d ate the fellow, raw,And then he drank a Dew From a convenient Grass, And then hopped sidewise to the Wall To let a Beetle pass,A Bird Came Down the Walk,He glanced with rapid eyes That hurried all around They looked like frightened Beads, I thought He stirred his Velvet Head,Like one in danger, Ca
8、utious, I offered him a Crumb, And he unrolled his feathers And rowed him softer homeThan Oars divide the Ocean, Too silver for a seam Or Butterflies, off Banks of Noon, Leap, plashless as they swim.,defamiliarization,陌生化：the artistic technique of forcing the audience to see common things in an unfa
9、miliar or strange way, in order to enhance perception of the familiar. 将平淡无奇、习以为常的事物造成陌生化的表象，给人以感官的刺激或情感的震动。 from ordinary meanings/familiar species in order to distill amazing sense,Themes,Nature: Conflict between human society and nature Beauty and danger: contradiction Love: The loss of Love (the
10、 lovers departure) Death and Immorality: The immoral death,Comparison: Whitman vs. Dickinson,1. Similarities: (1) Thematically, they both extolled, in their different ways, an emergent America, its expansion, its individualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of “American Renaissance”.
11、(2) Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before: they were pioneers in American poetry.,2. Differences,(1) Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Di
12、ckinson explores the inner life of the individual. (2) Whereas Whitman is “national” in his outlook, Dickinson is “regional”. (3) Dickinson has the “catalogue technique” (direct, simple style) which Whitman doesnt have.,走近李清照,靖康之变造成她后半生的不幸，丈夫病死、典籍散失，在辗转漂流、孤苦寂寞中度过晚年。李清照早年生活平静时的诗词大多清新活泼、婉约秀丽，颇多欢愉；晚年的作
13、品凝重深沉，饱含哀愁。有辑本漱玉词传世。李清照词，令慢均工，擅长白描，善用口语，能炼字、炼句、炼意、炼格，形成“易安体”。南渡以后，词的风格，从清俊旷逸变为苍凉沉郁，多寓故国黍离之悲，给南宋辛弃疾、陆游、刘辰翁等爱国词人以深刻影响。,李清照（1084约1151） 宋代著名词人，婉约派大家。号易安居士，山东济南人。父亲李格非是散文家、学者，丈夫赵明诚是金石学家，所以家庭教育良好，学术、创作气氛浓厚。,少女时期秀外慧中 踏雪寻梅执笔属文展卷吟诗,婚居时期琴瑟相和共醉金石携手出游盛名于世,南渡以后亡国丧夫 孤苦伶仃名节被毁 凄惶度日,夏日绝句 生当作人杰， 死亦为鬼雄。 至今思项羽， 不肯过江东！,
14、寂寞深闺， 柔肠一寸愁千缕。 惜春春去，几点催花雨。 -点绛唇,“误入藕花深处。争渡，争渡，惊起一滩鸥鹭” 李清照如梦令,薄雾浓云愁永昼，瑞脑消金兽。佳节又重阳，玉枕纱橱，半夜凉初透。东篱把酒黄昏後，有暗香盈袖。莫道不消魂，帘卷西风，人比黄花瘦。,醉花阴,声声慢,原调名胜胜慢。,慢：即慢词、慢曲，为词的长调。,愁,（品读提示：）1.联系词人的生活遭遇来品读（略）2. 抓住词中直接抒情的句子来品读3.抓住词中选择的意象来品读,品读词人别样愁情,鉴赏：,（一）、找出词中直接抒情的句子,“寻寻觅觅， 冷冷清清， 凄凄惨惨戚戚”,人的动作、神态,环境的悲凉,内心世界的巨大伤痛,叠词,音乐美、增强感情,
15、作者在渲染营造出的悲愁无尽的抒情氛围中，又设置了怎样的人物行为，来刻画内心世界的悲伤凄怨？,一、寻寻觅觅,国破、家败、人亡，孤苦空虚，欲寻寄托、欲寻往昔美好。,特定环境中的特定行为,冷冷清清,不但无获，反被孤寂清冷的氛围侵袭得凄惨黯淡。,行为之结果，写环境特征亦暗示内心感触,凄凄惨惨戚戚,陷入无尽悲哀、无尽愁绝之中。,纯写内心，情感深化,点评：,起首十四字将叠词的修辞功能发挥到了极致,1、从音韵上看：十四字中有十个字是齿音，声调尖利，情调随之变得悲凄无比。,2、从重章复沓效果看：凄婉之情层层叠加，越来越浓，形成绵延无尽的感喟、叹伤氛围。,3、从内容层次上看：从外部动作到内外兼写到纯写内心，十四
16、字三层，由浅入深的将人物的心灵世界刻画出来。表现人的无处倾诉、无可寄托的哀怨凄伤之情，可谓淋漓尽致。,（二）、间接抒情抓意象分析愁情,鉴赏 ：,为了抒发“愁”情，词人借助了哪些“景物”（意象）？,声声慢全词设置了能烘托人愁情悲怀的“意象群”，细读全词，这样的意象有哪些？,（乍暖还寒时迅急的）晚风,（秋日南归的）大雁,（憔悴零落、满地堆积的）黄花,（细雨点滴中的）梧桐,凛冽砭骨，伤身伤神,意象群,飘零何归？人不如雁,人如黄花，憔悴瘦损,雨声无尽， 愁绪无尽,怎一个愁字得？！,二、以酒浇愁，却无可消愁： “三杯两盏淡酒，怎敌他，晚来风急？”,三、仰观归雁，顿增伤心：“雁过也，正伤心，却是旧时相识。
17、”,四、俯视落花，年华老去，何人来怜：“满地黄花堆积，憔悴损，如今有谁堪摘？”,五、晚来凭窗，独坐百无聊赖，漫长时间如何挨过：“守着窗儿，独自怎生得黑？”,六、倾听雨打梧桐，悲愁如雨何时了结：“梧桐更兼细雨，到黄昏，点点滴滴。这次第，怎一个愁字了得！”,点评：,以外写内，从典型环境中的典型行为中，流露人物的内心情怀。,起首三句十四字奠定全词基调，下面十八句分五层从各个侧面加以描绘刻画：饮酒观雁对花凭窗听雨,寡淡之酒,雁归人不归,人比黄花瘦,独坐落寞,无尽心绪无可倾诉,何物不伤神，愁惨深无边！,淡酒,急风,大雁,黄花,梧桐,细雨,黄昏,酒，一种浓郁情义和相思的幽愁。,酒，一种溢满凄凉哀伤的落寞。
18、,“浊酒一杯家万里，燕然未勒归无计。”范仲淹渔家傲“劝君更尽一杯酒，西出阳关无故人。”王维送元二使安西“抽刀断水水更流，举杯销愁愁更愁。”李白宣州谢朓楼饯别校书叔云“东篱把酒黄昏后，有暗香盈袖。”李清照醉花阴,雁，一种离情别恨的希望。 雁，一种怀古伤情的寄托。,“衡阳雁去无留意。”范仲淹渔家傲 “鸿雁几时到，江湖秋水多”杜甫天末怀李白 云中谁寄锦书来，雁字回时，月满西楼。李清照一剪梅,梧桐,一种凄凉悲伤的象征 梧桐,一种悲怆凄婉的寄寓,“寂莫梧桐深院锁清秋。”李煜相见欢 “一声梧叶一声秋，一点芭蕉一点愁，三更归梦三更后。”徐再思双调水仙子夜雨 “一叶叶，一声声，空阶滴到明”唐 温庭筠更漏子,是
19、花儿开得茂盛还是花儿已凋零？,憔悴的是人还是花？,A、憔悴的是黄花，实际上是双关语（象征）,以花喻人 正衬,B、憔悴的是人，黄花开得茂盛簇拥在枝头。,乐景哀情 反衬,“淡酒”借酒浇愁,“晚风”秋风萧瑟，渲染愁情,“过雁”北雁南飞，离愁、思乡,“黄花”憔悴的容颜、孤苦飘零的晚境,“梧桐”丧偶意象,“细雨”相思愁丝,客观景物：酒、风、过雁、黄花、梧桐、细雨,内在感情：亡国、丧夫、流离之愁,急风欺人，,淡酒无用，,雁逢旧识，,菊惹新愁，,梧桐叶落，,细雨靡靡，,若有所失的精神,天涯沦落的凄凉,漫漫长夜的难捱,睹物思人的哀婉,满纸呜咽，笔笔写愁,回肠九叠后，犹有剩回肠,声声慢和一剪梅两词，都写“愁”绪，乍一看是相同的，而细细品味，我们便可发现这“愁”的内涵是不同的，正所谓“一般愁字别样情”。细品两诗，体会两者之愁有何区别？,比较阅读,一剪梅此情无计可消除，才下眉头，却上心头。 此情：离愁别绪，难舍难分，爱之愈深，思之愈切，这是一种甜蜜的相思之愁。声声慢这次第，怎一个愁字了得！ 此情：家国之思、孀居之悲、沦落之苦。,
