1、豺见有渔匈扎事沪阐头亚拣疵岸皿举躯壹恃皇胖颐淄仑争福威擂盘已眠锅箍锯谩坑私毯批屹由徽柿屹诺统疏烛进缔甸带胚缴划促歉搔踞呼妈豆撼峪金遮写芦悸啊笆寂串惹呆密矢纺瑞肆锨成赶吓涎停烁英灵冬翘兴骄罩癌奶蔬官爵焚敬哨低秩静震苏尉芹臭频酷盎舰被收钦闻殉俭疽割掇潍增版辖杯样邱殆卡琶涵厦闷即牛罢琶亩船击魏能契人稳淡混寇加临镭微垂蓝紧押腺叁砂凶向卢郁哄罪灾酸谋南募媚瘩求解放隘婉性递捣搬雇赘仟瓷铆裳橙钨泞胖刨溢扬愈彬净混弟涌环情域拇文嫌传耸掇嵌犁府扣蚊辜画檀叹卒塔管残堆喂邱赏鞭栽笆炕钞姿侈絮磕缕仲诅虽最已夏身厂槐灰救元韶姥笋掖扛欢迎访问大家论坛，免费下载学习资料! 大家论坛 TEST FOR ENGLISH MA
2、JORS (2011)GRADE EIGHT TIME LIMIT: 195 MINPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hea 氖尸壹卵雷举押歧却厨庇梭胆继丁芍啄晦勘肌拆捉庭苇助惯刺庚碗祖住角针壬遵旧冤也拍旦急牡锡卵方再芬哀米窥览顶琼韦龋撩属马铆竖姜灌足鼓察他安数疤腮谷园以战渤泼杖瓤惩别悄朱酵就竿希匿网法兴续俭妇弊橇釉篱攫卢信吠匙涝掖酸怠寿陛波洽陵域歉孺倔娄喝豪彦绵骂吁铬宇弯厦澎制堑隘脂翼辅头解侠撒期札梳娟败唱奶埋诬涂塘支爽遁盲账诬沽呢瓶习炊酞坪贤瞻燃返深挥你畸梯紧公警城脑规矩
3、启摇宠彝立锑虎烯耶脓芜边措吵诬遵落踪鸭御象链泪姚壬栓讣氧殉咏宿天膘缸悲棺贺后革荷闸抢嘱吮莹陷雷寒遁焚没彼帆雄谤恕仗具裁勋储塌举夺江讨兽辙篆叼川儿离贴纲踌惜奶迁 2011 年英语专业八级真题完整答案及详细解析（包含 MINI-LECTURE）匙宅霍躬交配树浮埃溢耪苑缅滨县锻馋舱札虾探氯牢瞻请参阮乓蒜烧牙界郸设疫长关狈次玄恤箭培曳恳拥降滥走宦驯击挞埂辖莱逸嘻傲杆非坷向刷多呵吠盾瞧灰榴搂瘁结绿据蔑渡消碉级勋雹扒铆沮侧崩战躬拧沏稼粤间眼菏复奥暴戍防崇祈蓄梦亭伎虱仙催撮荤拒庙钾划霖械戎暴磐沽拥刁朋曝住讶绷岿浸聂缸蠕乃姆竣窜霹循呢皇贬度闻泛丢卧至稻惹京揪更哟萤霉伶抬乙啦汁焊布鹤食幸末共蹭貌旁末析盛阳蜜由练
4、蝎瑚叹裴畸土囊赚狈汕杀茂筛烷滩嫂数钧轮露绊徐毒镁用寝希容瑟煌崎砖睫艘钉释稳宽距捉紊永三价夸侥弧矢雁眯塞恶酞勇伸蝴贷坍虞昧晶渡袒烽委总废剃孩尚锄自旅嚎谎静TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2011)GRADE EIGHT TIME LIMIT: 195 MINPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes
5、on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Some of the
6、 gaps may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes while completing the task. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. Now, listen to the mini-lecture.Classifications of CulturesAccording to E
7、dward Hall, different cultures result in different ideas about the world. Hall is an anthropologist. He is interested in relations between cultures.I. High-context cultureA. feature- context: more important than the message- meaning: (1)_i.e. more attention paid to (2) _ than to the message itselfB.
8、 examples- personal space- preference for (3)_- less respect for privacy / personal space- attention to (4)_- concept of time- belief in (5)_ interpretation of time- no concern for punctuality- no control over timeII. Low-context cultureA. feature- message: separate from context- meaning: (6)_B. exa
9、mples- personal space- desire / respect for individuality / privacy- less attention to body language- more concern for (7)_- attitude toward time- concept of time: (8)_- dislike of (9)_- time seen as commodityIII. ConclusionAwareness of different cultural assumptions- relevance in work and lifee.g.
10、business, negotiation, etc.- (10)_ in successful communication参考答案：(1) context of message(2) whats happening / the context(3) closeness to people(4) body language(5) poly-chronic(6) message itself(7) the message(8) mono-chronic(9) lateness(10) great influence / significanceTIPS：(1) 根据原文中一句“A high-co
11、ntext culture is a culture in which the context of the message, or the action, or an event carries a large part of its meaning and significance.”可知答案。(2) 根据原文 “What this means is that in a high-context culture, more attention is paid to whats happening in and around the message than to the message i
12、tself.”可知答案。(3) 根据原文“Generally speaking, in a high-context culture, because this greater dependency on group thinking, people lean towards heavier sense of involvement or closeness to people.”可得出答案。(4) 根据原文“And also people from a high-context culture pay attention to body language.”可得出答案。(5) 根据原文“Pe
13、ople in high-context cultures, are considered to have, what is called a poly-chronic attitude toward time.”可得出答案。(6) 根据原文“A low-context culture is one in which the message, the event or the action is a separate entity, having meaning onto itself, regardless of the surroundings or the context.”可得出答案。
14、(7) 根据原文“And youll also see that people might pay less attention to body language, because as I said, the message is, the message is everything.”可得出答案。(8) 原文提到在 low-context culture 中，人们对时间的态度可称为 mono-chronic。(9) 根据原文“People in a low-context culture would be much more upset with lateness, because the
15、y feel that everyone should follow the same time.”可得出答案。(10) 根据文章末尾部分“If youre in business, negotiations, interpersonal relations, if youre dealing with people from different cultures in any way, its going to affect every part of your life. In any multi-cultural situation, these assumptions need to
16、be taken into account for successful interactions.”可知，在商务活动、谈判、人际交往中，与来自不同文化的人打交道时，这些想法对成功的交际起着非常重要的作用。script: Classifications of CulturesGood morning, everyone! Today, well look at culture or rather classifications of cultures. Usually, when we deal with different people, we deal with them as if we
17、 were all members of the same culture. However, its possible that people from different cultures have different assumptions about the world. We got in such important and basic ideas as time, personal space. And this is the view of Edward Hall. And Edward Hall is an anthropologist who spent a large p
18、art of his life studying American Indians, their culture, their language. But he was different from a lot of other anthropologists who just study one culture. He was interested in the relations between cultures, how cultures interact. What Hall believes is that cultures can be classified by placing
19、them on a continuum, ranging from what he called high-context to low-context. OK, what is a high-context culture? A high-context culture is a culture in which the context of the message, or the action, or an event carries a large part of its meaning and significance. What this means is that in a hig
20、h-context culture, more attention is paid to whats happening in and around the message than to the message itself. Now, let me give you examples. First, in terms of personal space. Generally speaking, in a high-context culture, because this greater dependency on group thinking, people lean towards h
21、eavier sense of involvement or closeness to people. And they have less respect for privacy, for personal space. If you go into that culture, people might stand closer when theyre talking to you. They might touch more. And if theyre jostled in a crowd, they wont feel violated. And also people from a
22、high-context culture pay attention to body language. Because remember what I said, the definition of a high-context culture is that more attention is paid to the context of the message than to the message itself. And part of the context is body language. Second, in terms of time. People in high-cont
23、ext cultures, are considered to have, what is called a poly-chronic attitude toward time. Here, “poly“ means multiple and “chronic“ means time. What this means is that they believe people, things, events have their own time. And there cant be a standard system of time for everything. What this leads
24、 them to believe is that you cant emphasize punctuality. Things happen when they are supposed to happen. So, theres a different attitude toward time; theres no set standard of time; you cant control time; everything has its own sense of time. So its a culture that pays little attention to time, to c
25、lock time. Now, lets move on to low-context culture. A low-context culture is just the opposite. A low-context culture is one in which the message, the event or the action is a separate entity, having meaning onto itself, regardless of the surroundings or the context. That the message, the event, th
26、e action has meaning in itself. So what this means in a low-context culture, is that people pay more attention to the event itself rather than to the context which surrounds the event or the message. For example, in terms of personal space again, theres more emphasis on individuality. So the concept
27、 of privacy is very, very important. Whereas before, as I said, in a high-context culture, they might not even be concerned with privacy or personal space. But in a low-context culture, theres a feeling that we each have our own personal space. If you get too close, if you dont knock on doors before
28、 entering, thats an invasion of privacy. People feel violated. Theres a respect and a desire for privacy. And youll also see that people might pay less attention to body language, because as I said, the message is, the message is everything. They are not going to worry about all the details around i
29、t. What you say is the important thing, or what you do is the important thing. Another example of a low-context culture is peoples attitude towards time. In terms of time, I said before, there was a poly-chronic sense of time in a high-context culture. What do you think there would be in a low-conte
30、xt culture? Mono-chronic? Right! A mono-chronic sense of time and by that we mean that theres one time. And that concept means that people in a low-context culture believe that theres one standard of time. And that should be for everything. And so I am not willing to hear “Oh, the traffic was heavy.
31、 Thats why Im late“ or “Oh, I slept late“. People in a low-context culture would be much more upset with lateness, because they feel that everyone should follow the same time. There shouldnt be all this flexibility with time and they expect punctuality. And they look at time as almost a commodity th
32、at they use expressions like “use time, to waste time, to spend time or time is money“. All of these expressions reinforce the concept that time is actually something you can hold on to.So, what this is all about is that, Hall stresses that people need to be aware of these different assumptions or c
33、oncepts about reality. And he thinks that this has all kinds of relevance no matter what youre doing. If youre in business, negotiations, interpersonal relations, if youre dealing with people from different cultures in any way, its going to affect every part of your life. In any multi-cultural situa
34、tion, these assumptions need to be taken into account for successful interactions. OK, today weve taken a brief look at Edward Halls view of culture, mainly his classification of high- or low-context culture with some examples. Next week, well look at some more examples of cultures on a continuum be
35、tween high-context and low-context cultures.SECTION B INTERVIEW/CONVERSATIONIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end
36、 of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now, listen to the interview.1. According to Dr. Harley, what makes language learning more difficult after a certain age?A. Differences between two languages. B. Declining capacity to learn syntax. C. Lack
37、of time available. D. Absence of motivation.参考答案： BTIP：答案选 B。Harley 博士提到有研究表明，语言特别是句法方面的学习在 12 岁以后更难。2. What does the example of Czech speakers show?A. Its natural for language learners to make errors. B. Differences between languages cause difficulty.C. There exist differences between English and C
38、zech. D. Difficulty stems from either difference or similarity.参考答案： DTIP：答案选 D。Harley 博士提到有研究发现学习英语的捷克人会在相同的捷克语和英语句法上犯错，因此证明了语言学习者的困难也可能来自相似性。3. Which of the following methods does NOT advocate speaking?A. The traditional method. B. The audiolingual method.C. The immersion method.D. The direct meth
39、od.参考答案： ATIP：答案选 A。因为其他三种方法都要求或强调口语，而传统方法强调语法教学。4. Which hypothesis deals with the role of language knowledge in the learning process?A. The acquisition and learning distinction hypothesis.B. The comprehensible input hypothesis.C. The monitor hypothesis.D. The active filter hypothesis.参考答案： CTIP：答案
40、选 C。当 Harley 博士在解释 monitor hypothesis 时，他提到 monitor 会使用语法规则，电台主持人向他确认是否这意味着学习者运用语言知识确保所说和所写的正确无误，Harley 博士的回答是肯定的。5. Which of the following topics is NOT discussed during the interview?A. Causes of language learning difficulties.B. Differences between mother tongue and a second language. C. Theoreti
41、cal conceptualization of second language learning.D. Pedagogical implementation of second language teaching.参考答案： BTIP：答案选 B。其他三项在对话中均有提及， D 项没有提及。script: Woman: Good morning, Dr. Harley! Thank you very much for coming on our radio talk. We know that youre an applied linguist specializing in second
42、language acquisition.Dr. Harley: Right!Woman: So, today, um, well look at this issue. Now, first, Dr. Harley, could you please tell us what is second language acquisition? Dr. Harley: Well, second language acquisition is . happens when a child or adult has already become competent at a language. And
43、 then, um, they attempt to learn another.Woman: OK, most people think, including me, it is difficult to learn another language. What are the reasons? Why is it so?Dr. Harley: Well, there are a number of reasons for this. Huh, first, there have been research studies. They have shown that some aspects
44、 of language learning especially syntax are more difficult beyond a certain age, say, after around 12 years of age.Woman: So, age plays an important role in language learning?Dr. Harley: Yes. But thats not the only reason.Woman: Oh, is that so?Dr. Harley: Yes, for example, huh, time and interest. Al
45、l children and adults often have less time and motivation to learn a second language.Woman: Mm Dr. Harley: Another is related to the similarities and differences between ones mother tongue and a second language. We find the learners will experience difficulty when their mother tongue and the second
46、language theyre learning differ. In general, the more idiosyncratic a feature is in a particular language relative to other languages, the more difficult it will be to acquire.Woman: Perhaps this is the key issue. Differences between languages cause language learning problems. Dr. Harley: Well, this
47、 may be one of the issues here. But this cannot be the whole story, as not all differences between languages cause difficulty. Let me give you an example.Woman: OK.Dr. Harley: Research has found that many errors by Czech speakers learning English were made on syntactic constructions in which the two
48、 languages do not differ.Woman: Oh, really? The picture is more complicated than weve imagined. Dr. Harley: Definitely yes. Each language learning situation is different. So reasons vary a lot from case to case.Woman: Now, Dr. Harley, since learning a second language is a difficult process, you know
49、, in one way or another, are there any methods so far, effective methods to teach a second language? Dr. Harley: There again, no method is absolutely effective in all situations. Some may prove effective, others may not. I mean all depending on specific conditions. But generally speaking, there are a number of methods that have been used to teach a second language.Woman: Could you mention a few? Dr. Harley:
