1、Mary washes before meals. Mary washes before going to bed. Mary washes after getting up. Mary washes for a living. Mary washes in a restaurant.,词的增补 Amplification,supplying words omitted in the original,Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.The best conductor has the least resist
2、ance and the poorest the greatest.,物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。,最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。,EC translation,In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.,晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会和观看乒乓球表演以后，他还得起草最后公报。,Supplying necessary connectives,Heat
3、ed, water will change into vapor.Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.,水如受热，就会汽化。,因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任何物体都会受到空气的作用力。,Liquids contract in freezing, water is an exception to this rule.Theory is something but practice is everything.,液体在冻结时收缩，然而水却例外。,理论固然重要，但实践尤其重要。,Supplying
4、 words to convey the concept of plurality,Note that the words “velocity” and “speed” require explanation.He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars.,请注意，“速度”和“速率”这两个词需要解释。,他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤痕。,The virus may survive weeks and months.The revolution of the earth around the sun causes the changes
5、 of the seasons.,这种病毒可存活数星期乃至数月。,地球绕太阳旋转，引起四季的交替。,Supplying words to make an abstract concept clear,Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.After all preparations were made, the plane took off.,氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。,一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就起飞了。,The main operations are: to add, substract, multiply and divide.The next y
6、ear the bill became law and ended inequality in buses, hotels and other public accommodations.,主要的计算方式有：加，减，乘，除。,第二年，该项决议成为法律，从而结束了公共汽车上、旅馆里以及其它公共住宿场所中的不平等现象。,By logical thinking,Air pressure decreases with altitude.This shows that the resistance of an electric conductor is inversely proportional to
7、 its cross-section area.,气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。,这表明，导体电阻的大小与导体横切面的大小成反比。,Atomic cells are very small and light as compared to ordinary dry ones.Air, food, water and heat are four requirements of all living things.,和普通干电池相比，原子电池体积小，重量轻。,空气、食物、水和热量是一切生物赖以生存的四个条件。,Supplying words of generaliztion,According to
8、scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.,根据科学家们的看法，自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。,论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。,According to Einstein, time is relative.We often use the words
9、 up and down. Are these notions absolute or relative?,根据爱因斯坦的理论，时间是相对的。,我们常常用“上”和“下”这两个词。这两个概念是绝对的还是相对的？,For purposes of rhetoric or coherence,Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days. Sort of the fashion.A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses, his theories and his concl
10、usion.,不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人都喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点儿赶时髦吧！,科学家经常设法否定自己的假设、推翻自己的理论，并放弃自己的结论。,The blood circulates through the vessels, carrying food and oxygen to all parts of the body.The whale, swimming like a fish, is a mammal.,血液在血管中循环，从而把营养物质和氧气数送到全身各部分。,鲸鱼虽然游起来像鱼，但它是哺乳动物。,By repetition,Avoid using this comput
11、er in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.I had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.,不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此电脑。,我曾经遇到的情况，不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障。,Reading exercises ones eyes; speaking ones tongue; while writing ones mind.About 65 million years ago the dinosaurs just disappeared. What coul
12、d have caused that?,阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。,大约6500万年前恐龙就消失了。是什么原因导致了恐龙的消失呢？,Ex.,We wont retreat, we never have and never will.The pupil of eye responds to the change of light intensity.When she came to herself she saw smiling faces around her.,我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也决不后退。,她苏醒过来，看见周围一张张笑脸。,瞳孔随光线的强弱
13、变化而缩小放大。,Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.,他们的主人又是切肉，又是倒茶，又是上菜，又是切面包；谈啊，笑啊，敬酒啊，忙个不停。,In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractors together.,在那时侯的电影里，总是老
14、一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机了。,Day after day he came to his work - sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.,他每天来干活-扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。,1接到你的来信，非常高兴。 I was very glad to have received your letter. 2孩子们天天带午饭到学校去吃。 The children take their lunches to school every day.,（一）代词,CE translation,3. 交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。
15、Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved.,4她用手蒙住脸，好像是为了保护眼睛。 She covered her face with her hand, as if to protect her eyes.,5把这些故事看完以后，用你自己的话讲一遍。 After you have read these stories, tell them in your own
16、 words. 6请原谅，打断你一下。 Excuse me for interrupting you.,（二）连词 汉语中的词、词组、分句或句子之间的关系往往通过上下文及语序来表示，较少用连词。英语通常需要用连词来表明词与词、词组与词组以及句与句的逻辑关系。因此在汉译英时，需要增补连词的情况会很多，有时是并列连词，有时是从属连词。,7. 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 8. 姐姐在等我，我得走了。 My sister is expecting me, so I
17、must be off now.,9. 男女老少都参加了战斗。 Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle. 10他不来我不走。 I shall not go until he comes.,（三）介词 介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，英语句子十有八九都少不了介词。汉语中不需用介词的地方，在英语中却常用介词。因此在汉译英时，增补介词的情况是屡见不鲜的。,11我们应当逐步消灭城乡差别。 We should gradually eliminate the differences between town and country.,12
18、你是白天工作还是夜间工作？ Do you work in the daytime or at night? 13这些图片你们四个人分。 Divide these pictures among the four of you.,（四）冠词 汉译英时往往需要增补必要的冠词 13耳朵是用来听声音的器官，鼻子是用来嗅气味，舌头用来尝滋味。 The ear is the organ which is used for hearing. The nose is used for smelling. The tongue is used for tasting.,14我们对问题要作全面的分析，才能解决得妥当
19、。 We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can be properly solved.,增补技巧中的另外一个问题即使原文中暗含而无需明言的词语，在译文须增补适当的词。这一技巧又叫“增益”或“上下文增益”。大体可分为四个方面。 （一）原文中暗含而无需明言的词语,谁都知道朝鲜战场是艰苦些。 Every one knows that life on the Korean battlefield was rather hard.,要提倡顾全大局。 We should advocate the spirit of ta
20、king the whole situation into consideration.,（二）概括性词语。汉语里有时不用表明事物范畴的概括性词语，译成英语时却往往需要增补进去。 结婚大办酒席，实在可以免去了。 The practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with.,（三）注释性词语。汉语中的典故、谚语以及在一定历史、政治条件下形成的某些名词、术语和简化说法，汉语读者熟悉，一看就明白了，但是英语读者不见得能懂。因此在翻译时要适当地添加一些注释性词语，又称加注（annotation）,基本上分为两种
21、形式：,1 音译附加注释或说明性译文。 气功 qigong (a system of deep breathing exercises) 太极拳 taiji quan (a kind of traditional Chinese shadow boxing),2 直译加注 1） 翻译经典著作或学术著作时，需要保存原文的多重意义，包括字面意义，因而采用加注的办法来补偿直译带来的意义损失。例如我国外文出版社出版的毛泽东选集英译本。,一九二八年提出了六项注意：一、上门板，二、捆铺草，三、说话和气，（毛泽东选集四卷，1186页）In the summer of 1928 he set forth Si
22、x Points for Attention: (1) Put back the doors you have taken down for bedboards; (2) Put back the straw you have used for bedding; (3) Speak politely;,2） 如果原语词具有多重意义，而其中意义与上下文相呼应，一般也只能保留原语词的字面形式，附加注释。例如： 三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind.,班门弄斧
23、Show off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter.,练习题翻译下列各句，根据需要增补适当的词语： 1海外侨胞常说：“我们的心永远向着祖国”。 2他尽着嗓门向我们呼喊。 3.所有公民在法律面前一律平等。 4.请把这张表填一下，填完给我。,5. 一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。 6天气寒冷，河水都结冰了。 7.他们一听说有新任务，就坐不住了。 8.你想看这本书，就先看吧。,1海外侨胞常说：“我们的心永远向着祖国”。The overseas Chinese usually say， “Our heart
24、s are always towards our motherland.” 2他尽着嗓门向我们呼喊。He shouted to us at the top of his voice.3.所有公民在法律面前一律平等。 All citizens are equal before the law.,4.请把这张表填一下，填完给我。Please fill in this form, and give it to me when you have finished.5. 一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。A fence needs the support of three stakes; an able
25、fellow needs the help of three other people. 6天气寒冷，河水都结冰了。It was so cold that the river froze.,7. 他们一听说有新任务，就坐不住了。When they learnt that theyd been given a new task, they just couldnt sit still any longer.8.你想看这本书，就先看吧。You may read the book first, since you are anxious to read it.,Review,前途是光明的，道路是曲折
26、的。这件事咱们回头再详谈。中国总是要前进的。,While the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.,We shall discuss it in detail when we meet again.,Whatever happens, China will march on.,在全面开创新局面的各项任务中，首要的任务是把现代化经济建设推向前进。她主修心理学，她弟弟主修社会学。,She majors in psychology and her brother in sociology.,Of the various tasks in bringing about an all-round new situation, the most important one is to push forward the modernization of Chinas economy.,
