1、Exploring Chinas “One-Child Policy” -Past, Present and Future,Ruiwu Min visiting scholar from Ocean University of China,CHINAS POPULATION,State Census data (2010): Total population: 1.370536875 billion Han nationality : 91.51%; others 8.49%-male 51.27% : female 48.73%105.20 : 100 Annual increase: 12
2、 million (down from peak 23 million in 1980s),Population density of China & USA,In early 1950s people were encouraged to have more children (after WWII & civil war；learned from Soviet Union) for military strength agricultural production,Farming. Soldiering.,“Bear as many children as possible to make
3、 China stronger.” -Mao Zedong,“The happy life Chairman Mao gave us.” 1954,This led to overpopulation: In 1949 -475 million In 1953-over 600 million,In 1970830 million Average birth number for Per couple: 5 children,Family Planning: “Later, spaced, and fewer”,“Practice family planning for the revolut
4、ion.” 1972,“Deliver medicine (contraceptives) to the door step,do a good job in birth control work.” 1974,Deng Xiaoping took power in 1978: New policies focused on strengthening Chinas economy Overpopulation as block to economic developmentIn 1979, China introduced the ONE CHILD POLICY. goal: popula
5、tion contained within 1.2 billion by 2000.,Traditional Chinese concept of fertility,1. 多子多福 more children, more happiness,2. 传宗接代 continue the family line,3.养儿防老 Bringing up sons to support parents in their old age,Basic state policy,In 1982, Family planning policy was incorporated into Chinas Const
6、itutionRequiring over 90% Han couples to have one child only In 2002: POPULATION and FAMILY PLANNING LAWArticle 18: The State maintains its current policy for reproduction, encouraging late marriage and childbearing and advocating one child per couple.Article 41: Citizens who give birth to babies no
7、t in compliance with the provisions of Article 18 of this Law shall pay a social maintenance fee prescribed by law.,One Child Policy,Demographic targets down to local level Government regulations and fines for unplanned births Pressure to abort unplanned pregnancies Highly organized service(Family P
8、lanning Commission) “One veto” system for evaluating officials,Rewards,“One Child Certificate” Cash bonuses(￥20/month) Longer maternity leave Better childcare Preferential housing Preferential employment Preferential school placement Paid medical/hospital expenses,Consequences,Loss of family allowan
9、ces Loss of medical benefits Demotion/discharge from jobs Confiscation of property Fines- up to 7 times annual salary,Famous Example,Zhang Yimo Famous film director Fined ￥7.4 million RMB for having 3 children without permission in Feb. 2014,A professor was fired for having a second child without pe
10、rmission in Nov. 2013,General exceptions,Members of ethnic minorities First child disabled or dies Remarried couples In rural areas, if first child is a girl Pregnancy after adoption,Chinas population reduced 400 million.,1970: the crude birth rate is 33 1990: the rude birth rate is 22 2008: the cru
11、de birth rate is 19 (Crude birth rate is childbirth /1000 people per year),Effects:,Negative Effects,Sex selective abortionType-B ultrasound forbidden beginning 2002“Little Emperor Syndrome”,Sex ratio at birth unbalanced,Source: China Population Censuses and 1% Population Sample Surveys 5.,What is t
12、he FUTURE of this Policy?,“ The policy should be enforced for 30-40 years” -Population experts Song, Jian(宋健) Tian, Xueyuan(田雪原) in 1979,The policy has been relaxed In 2004 & 2009 scholars called for a change In 2011, couples who are both the only child of the families are allowed to have 2 children
13、,New Readjustment policy,Nov. 15, 2013: Bill to allow couples to have 2 children was approved by the National people Congress Five provinces/municipalities enforced-Tianjin, Beijing, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui The Family Planning Commission merged into Health and Family Planning Commission in 2013,Its
14、 influences:,Number of children per householdpresent: 1.51.6 future: 1.8 Population structureBy 2030 22 million people added to workforce Rebalancing of gender disparityNow there are 30 million more males than females 4. Avoiding the “4-2-1“ family structure,Future of the one child policy-demolished? Wang Ming A National Committee member of the CPPCC (Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference) Professor at TSinghua University Recently proposed: complete removal of the policy cancel the social maintenance fee,
