1、Review,What is “style”? What is “literary stylistics”? The process of stylistic analysis of a literary text,Hiroshima a city （pop.542，000）of honshu， Japan. It was largely destroyed by an American atomic bomb （6 Aug。1945）， the first used in warfare. After reconstruction the city became an active port
2、 with paper and canning industries.,一.语境分析 这是一篇关于光岛遭受原子弹袭击和事后重建的新闻报道。作者向读者客观地传递了光岛战中和战后的信息。新闻使用了正式的书面语。二.语言特征分析 新闻的正式性表现在 1作者选用事物的完整名称，如：“American atomic bomb” （American bomb）， “warfare” （war） 2长的罗马词汇，“reconstruction” （re-building）,Hiroshima a city （pop.542，000）of honshu， Japan. It was largely destr
3、oyed by an American atomic bomb （6 Aug.1945）, the first used in warfare. After reconstruction the city became an active port with paper and canning industries. 比较 “horribly destructed”， “abused”， “developed an vigorous port”,二.语言特征分析“客观性”表现在 1用具体数字表示人口数和时间，如 使得新闻真实可信。 2出现大量有关地点和相关事物的具体词汇，如客观介绍了光岛的情况
4、。 3使用中性的动词和形容词描述光岛战中遭袭和战后重建的情景。如“largely destroyed” “used” , “became an active port” 4被动句淡化了施动者投弹的行为。使读者更关注客体遭受原子弹袭击的客观事实。,第三步. 文体效果和文本意义关于光岛的新闻报道，它的客观性和和较高的正式度使新闻内容真实可信，达到了客观、公正地传达信息的新闻目的和效果。,HiroshimaMy spoon was lifted when the bomb came downThat left no face, no hand, no spoon to hold.Two hundre
5、d thousand died in my home town,This came to pass before my soup was cold. (Naomi Replansky),一. 语境分析这首诗歌描写了光岛遭受原子弹时，百姓生活中的一个片段，既原子弹袭击时，叙述者“我”正在家中吃饭。原子弹落下，顷刻间成千上万的人丧失了生命。诗歌中的“我”亲身经历了那场灾难。诗歌使用了非正式的书面语。 三. 文体效果和文本意义 这是一首感情浓郁的诗歌。它反映了原子弹袭击光岛的残酷性. 表达了诗人对这一行径的讽刺和愤慨，以及对同胞死亡的悲痛和同情。,HiroshimaMy spoon was lift
6、ed when the bomb came downThat left no face, no hand, no spoon to hold.Two hundred thousand died in my home town,This came to pass before my soup was cold. (Naomi Replansky),二.语言特征分析 残酷性表现在 (主题思想) 1.事件发生得突然, 出人意料 词语的对比： lift-came down.就在一举勺的瞬间爆发了. 就在人们毫无防备的时候发生了. 2. 悲惨的结果 修辞： 提喻. 用“脸，手”代指遭空袭的光岛人。用身体
7、的局部代替完整的人-人们被炸得体无完肤的残象。同时淡化了个体的社会性和阶级性，突出强调了灾难的普遍性。用抽象的数字表示死亡人数。Two hundred thousand died。具体多少人在诗歌中并不重要，而“十万”这个数字足以震撼人心，揭示了原子弹空袭的残酷性。,HiroshimaMy spoon was lifted when the bomb came downThat left no face, no hand, no spoon to hold.Two hundred thousand died in my home town,This came to pass before my
8、 soup was cold. (Naomi Replansky),讽刺和愤慨 (作者态度) 1.用非正式的色彩中性小词讽刺了空袭： “the bomb came down” .预想和结果构成了强烈的反差, 更使人感到悲愤. ”“this came to pass before my soup was cold.” 行为的短暂和记忆的永恒又构成了反差。作者用看似不足为奇的，客观的中性词“came down” “came to pass”讽刺了空袭行经，表达了强烈的愤慨。 2 运用排比和扬扬格，三个“no”之间没有连词，在音律上构成扬扬格，强烈表达了作者的悲愤之情。 悲痛和同情 (作者态度) 1
9、用抽象名词表示地点：my home town （Hiroshima）受难的光岛人不管他认识不认识，都是自己的同胞，都是同情的对象。,Vocabulary and style,词汇学 （lexicology）形态学 (morphology)语义学 (semantics),词源 （etymology） 词类 (word class) 词的构造 (word formation) 词义 (word semantics),Etymology (词源与文体),Time people language c.500 AD, Germantic people, English 1066, The Norman,
10、 French Renaissance period Latin参看课本206页,英语语言发展史,English (Anglo-Saxon Vocabulary) 本族词(最基本的词汇),虚词: a/an, the, if, and, on ,you, they 短小的实词: n. hand, sun, month, v. drink, come, doadj. small, good, high,French (Romance Vocabulary) 法语词 (统治阶级使用的词汇),行政:government, authority, parliament 宗教,religion, confe
11、ssion, baptism 法律,justice, crime, prison 军事,army, navy, soldier 艺术,烹饪:menu, fashion, chef, literature,Latin (Romance Vocabulary) 拉丁词(学术词汇),education, science, altar, relic,Stylistic effects of the three kinds of vocabulary,English: oral, informal French: graceful, formal Latin: written, pedantic (bo
12、okish), formal,Register（语域）,the semantic patterns used in particular settings and for specific purposes. 在特定的情景,为实现某种目的而使用的语言模式. 从事同一职业的人在特定的社会场合所用的词汇,句子结构等等.,Register: use of romance vocabulary Text 1 p209,语境:地方委员会写在当地报纸上的一条简短通知. 语言要求: 正式的书面语 语言特征: 大量使用罗马词汇 功能: 通告信息,强制性和权威性.,给本区店面招牌安装镶金边氖材料的字体，设置内部
13、灯光照明的路标。 Installation: setting up. Halo neon: neon letters fascia sign: boardpremises: local shopserection: buildinginternally illuminated: light-decoratedprojecting sign: road signals,Semantic fields(语义场),A group of words that cover the same general meaning area. Road Alley, lane, highway, thorough
14、fare dog Scottie, poodle, mongrel Fruitapple, grapes, pear, lemon,I am draper mad with love. I love you more than all the flannelette and calico, candlewick, dimity, crash and merino, tussore, cretonne, crepon, muslin, ticking and twill in the whole Cloth Hall of the world. (Dylan Thomas, Under Milk
15、 Wood),Flannelette:绒布 Calico: 印花布 dimity格子布 crash and merino毛线 tussore粗布 cretonne棉布 muslin纱 “I love you more than the cloth Ive sold.,Different semantic meaning of synonyms,In etymology, reference, emotion, register, Specific context,Difference in etymology,E F Lsmall petite, diminutiveask question
16、interrogaterise mount ascendtime age epochfire flame conflagration,Difference in reference,face, physiognomy, countenance,Difference in register,“You mustnt say bug, child. Its an insect.”,Difference in emotions,Slender, slim, lean/ thin, underweight/ skinny, gaunt, lanky Portly, stout, plump, chubb
17、y/ ouverweight, fleshy, big/ fat 同是褒义词，表达的感情色彩也不同 Little, petite Friend, acquaintance,Difference in specific context,“It is your boy, my Lord.” (servant, ) - Who is it? - It is your Lord, my boy. (God, a little male child),metonymy 换喻 反映两个密切相关的事物的现实关系。借用某一事物相关事物的名称来代替这一事物。 e.g. death is expressed by
18、 “grave”, “Pentagon” e.g. to defy to crown (反抗君主) to be promoted to the bench (升为法官) The pen has more influence than the sword. The baby was brought up on the bottle. (by bottle-feeding) Ive never read Homer. (Homers epic),synecdoche 提喻 局部代整体，或整体代局部，局部和整体之间有相似之处。 The part for the whole e.g. Many han
19、ds make light work. (working people) The whole for the part e.g. The volleyball match was a close contest. In the end, China won. (the Chinese team) The abstract for the concrete e.g. the authorities (the authorial government),litotes 间接肯定法: 表示低调的修辞格，与夸张相反，有意识轻描淡写，常常是在该用肯定时用否定表达法。 Hate not like (not
20、 as hateful as hate), good not bad (better than bad, but not good enough) This tea isnt too bad.,oxymoron (矛盾修饰法) 把两个意思截然相反的词放在一起。 e.g. a victorious defeat, a living death.,Pun (双关) e.g. Customer: I would like a book, please. Bookseller: Something light? (no heavy, amusing and entertainment) Customer: That doesnt matter. I have my car with me. Why is the Middle Ages also called the Dark Ages? Because there were many knights. (knight and night have the same sound),
