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Chapter 7 Lnaguage Variation.ppt
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1、Linguistics,Chapter 7 Language Variation,Have a Try!,E.g.1: 以后动手前直接招呼,整那虚头吧脑的干啥玩意儿啊?(东北话) 以后动手,直接上去,别拖拖拉拉的。(江浙一带) 以后动手,直接上克,莫慢慢悠悠的,搞莫斯搞撒(武汉话) E.g.2:私以上、前進(東京) 以上、前(関西),Language Style and Language Dialects,DialectsOther Properties of DialectsThe same language or not,Dialects,Definition: When groups o
2、f speakers differ noticeably in their language, they are often said to speak different dialects of the same language, by specific linguistic features (Pronunciation, Syntax and so on ).P280 General Characteristics: Regional Social Ethnic (Racial),Regional,It refers to the language spoken by groups w
3、hose language property is divided by geographic features within the nation and who share the same habit of speaking a certain language which is the “sub-standard version” in comparison with “the official version”.,Social,Social factors refer to the independent variablestratification which decides th
4、e different using habits of the same language (using of dialects) Quiz,Quiz: Role Playing Game,Pretend that you are to play the following social roles, and you are to express the same meaning. What will you say when you see the picture below?,How can you WORD?,城管大队长:我们英勇的城管执法人员不畏艰险,终于将屡教不改影响城市市容的顽固分
5、子制服。 小商贩:NND,条子又来了,看把我们的老王打的,爹娘都认不出来了。,Other examples,How to say ¥50? Citizens: 50 bucks (五十块) Grocers: 5 pieces(五张钱) Pedicab drivers: 5 Kuai (五块钱) Bank officers: 50 YuanZheng (伍拾圆整) How to say I love you?,愛(一般民) 私()貴方美人恩愛(貴族) 俺前、愛(凡夫),The General Rules for Social Factor,The Higher the stratificatio
6、n is, the more the value of the language used will be. Namely the more cultivated the using of the language will be.,Ethnic (Racial),Although the people within one country may share one language code which concords with the same reference. Anyhow, because of racial reasons, using of the same languag
7、e would be phonetically, and syntactically different,Phonetic Difference,Though different dialects share the same language code system, the pronunciation may vary according to the racial features, which may sound somewhat different from the (standard) official version. Phonetic Joke,Phonetic Jokes,乡
8、长:兔子们,虾米们,猪尾巴!不要酱瓜,咸菜太贵啦!“ (翻译:同志们,乡民们,注意吧!不要讲话,现在开会啦!) 主持人说:”咸菜请香肠酱瓜!“ (翻译:现在请乡长讲话!) 乡长:”兔子们,今天的饭狗吃了,大家都是大王八!“ 翻译:同志们,今天的饭够吃了,大家都使大碗吧! 不要酱瓜,我捡个狗屎给你们舔舔。“ (翻译:不要讲话,我讲个故事给你们听听。),宣传部:“喂,你人是猪吗?(人事局)“ 对方:“不是,你搞错了。我不是人是猪(人事局),我娘是猪(粮食局)。“ 第二天参加一个县政府的汇报会。会前点名。 主持人:“哪些单位到了?“ 于是参会者一个个地自报家门: “我是公阉猪(公安局)。“ “我叫肉
9、猪(教育局)。“ “我有点猪(邮电局)。“ “我是典型猪(电信局),Syntactic Difference,SAE vs. ICESyntactic difference of using verb “to be” SAE: the official version of American English, usually spoken in public such as school, news broadcast or public speech. ICE: short for Inner City English, is usually spoken in the ghetto are
10、a, which is an uncivilized version of dialect.,SAE vs. ICE,For SAE, the verb “to be” shall be contracted onto the subject, but the case in ICE shall be deleted completely. E.g.: youre gonna be sorry. (SAE)you gonna be sorry. (ICE) Both the contraction and deletion rules are invariant and similar to
11、each other. (s=deletion),When indicating a habitual and repeatable action, state, or event: ICE infinitive form; SAE finitive form E.g. (8) P286,Other Properties of Dialects,Every version of the same language is called a dialect, no matter the so called standard or substandard Language itself contin
12、ues developing, so does the dialects. Even the people who share the same dialect may speak in different ways. This is called ideolect. Dialects are regarded as substandard, even uncivilized, because of Politics or discrimination. (See the case of ICE ),The same language or not?,One way to judge whet
13、her two speakers are speaking the same language is the principle of Mutual Intelligibility. What about dialects in China? Can a southernese understand a northernese? How about vice versa? For China, the case of one-way intelligibility to judge whether they share the same language also exists, just b
14、ecause the two dialects are historically related.,Formal and Informal Language Style,Some formal cases: Waitress: Do you want some Coffee? 班長:出席取 战士:报告首长!我要更衣! Some informal cases: Friend of the customer: Wanna some coffee? 先生(対目下):出席取! 首长:你们几个,厕所见!,Formal and Informal Language Style,Some rules of t
15、he grammar of informal style in the three languages listed above The informal style has a greater amount of abbreviation, shortening, contraction, and deletion. The formal style is often redundant and verbose, whereas the informal style is brief, to the point, and grammatically streamlined.,Informal
16、 languageabbreviation,Tag Controlled DeletionDeletion of Be (Together with the subject st.)Slang and Taboo LanguageJargon,Tag Controlled Deletion,For linguistic cases in English, you can delete auxiliaries together with subjects which is the complete form for the formal cases. (You have) been sneaki
17、ng to the movies again, havent you? (You are) getting pretty excited, arent you? (You are) not ready to swim fifty laps, arent you? (You will) steal my money, will you! (You are) satisfied, (arent you)?,The subject must be deleted together with the auxiliaries in the informal cases of tag question T
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