1、,Western Blot,配制:,灌制分离胶 隔绝空气,ddH2O 0.1SDS:8%,灌制积层胶 插入梳子,Western blot (immunoblotting),1. What is Western blot?A technique for detecting specific proteins separated by electrophoresis by use of labeled antibodies. So called since it has some similarity to a Southern blot.2. Why we have to use it?We c
2、an use this technique to identify a target protein in a complex mixture, and we can also use it to measure its expression level. 3. How to do it?,步骤:,Separate proteins by gel electrophoresisTransfer proteins onto a membrane Wet tank transfer system Semi-dry transfer systemIdentify proteins Immunodet
3、ection,优点:,高分辨率的电泳技术特异敏感的抗原-抗体反应1-5 ng中等大小的靶蛋白,蛋白提取,Total protein standard lysis buffer(lipa) Nuclear cytoplasmic extraction (NER-PER, extraction kit, Pierce) To prevent degradationalways centrifuge samples at 4and include a protease inhibitor Protein Qantification :Standard BCA assay (Pierce)Bradfo
4、rd reagent,SDS-PAGE不连续电泳,Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis(PAGE)is the best method in protein separate。Use PAGE to separate proteins by MW。,SDS:,阴离子去污剂 变性剂 氨基酸侧链与SDS充分结合形成带负电荷的蛋白质-SDS胶束。 蛋白质-SDS胶束所带的负电荷大大超过了蛋白质分子原有的电荷量,消除了不 同分子之间原有的电荷差异。 与强还原剂一起使蛋白分子氢键、疏水键打开,使蛋白质分子线性化。,蛋白质-SDS胶束的特点:,(1)具有相同的形状,形状像
5、一个长椭圆棒 (2)平均1 g 蛋白质结合1.4 gSDS (3)短轴对不同的蛋白质亚基-SDS胶束基本上是相同的。 (4)长轴的长度则与亚基分子量的大小成正比,PAGE:聚丙烯酰胺凝胶,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(polyacrylamide gel)是由单体丙烯酰 胺(acrylamide,简称Acr)和交联剂(crosslinker) N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(N,N-methylenebisacylamide, 简称Bis)在催化剂和加速剂作用下聚合交联而成的三维网 状结构的凝胶。化学惰性强,具有一定的机械强度和透明 度。是良好的电泳介质。,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的聚合方式:,单体:丙烯酰胺(Acr);
6、交联剂:甲叉双丙烯酰胺(Bis); 催化剂:过硫酸胺或核黄素(AP); 加速剂:四甲基乙二胺(TEMED); 产物:三维网状结构凝胶,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶聚合机理是通过提供氧游离基(free radicals)的催化,使体系发生氧化还原作用(catalyst-redox systems)来完成的。催化体系主要有化学催化(APTEMED)和光化学催化(核黄素TMTED)体系。,试剂的纯度 温度 氧气 APTEMED原则:尽量少的催化剂并在最佳时间内聚合。,影响聚丙烯酰胺凝胶聚合的因素,不同分子量范围的蛋白质应选用不同的凝胶浓度。,凝胶浓度的选择,不连续电泳:,电泳缓冲液:PH8.3Tris-甘氨酸系统
7、。,浓缩效应:,三种离子:Cl- 前导离子Gly-尾随离子PI=5.97pro 积层胶 分离胶大孔 小孔阻力,电泳后染色,Reversible,Irreversible,Coomassie Brilliant Blue,PonceauS red,蛋白质的电转移(electrotransfer blot),Wet transfer,蛋白质带负电荷,凝胶在负极一侧,硝酸纤维素膜在正极一侧,接通电源以后,蛋白质由负极向正极转移至膜上。,半干式转膜,注意:,转移单元无气泡 注意方向 戴手套,防止引入污染蛋白 胶、膜大小一致,半干转注意短路。 膜、滤纸要先平衡 20%甲醇改善电转移效果。 转移效果: P
8、onceau-S Red,固相支持物的选择:,硝酸纤维素膜(nitrocellulose, NC) NC与蛋白质靠疏水作用结合,无需预先活化,对蛋白质的活性影响小; 非特异性本底显色浅; 价格低廉,使用方便。结合在NC上的小分子蛋白质在洗涤时易丢失; NC韧性较差,易损坏。 Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)与蛋白质亲和力高,用前需在甲醇中浸泡,以活化膜上的正电基团,使其更容易与带负电荷蛋白结合。,封闭:,-5% BSA或non-fat-dry-milk (RT or 4) -incubation time : 60 min - O/N Tween-20的作用:减少非
9、特异性吸附不影响 抗体与抗原的结合,为避免NC与作为检测试剂的特异性第一抗体发生非特异性结合,使非特异性背景提高,需对NC上的潜在结合位点进行封闭处理。,靶蛋白的免疫学检测,1. Chromogenic Detection: HRP: Diaminobenzidine (DAB)- brown precipitate AP: BCIP/NTP- purple/blue precipitate 2. Chemiluminescent detection HRP: Luminol- oxidised luminol emits blue light,Substrate,Poor Transfer,
10、Adjust composition of the transfer bufferMethanol SDS,Equilibrate gel and the membrane in the transfer buffer - Equilibrate for 5 - 30 mins,Transfer of a broad MW range of proteins may require a multi-step transfer. Start at low current/voltage to give good binding of low molecular weight proteins A
11、fter 30 minutes increase current/voltage to promote elution of high molecular weight proteinsCitation: Two Step Electrotransfer Procedure - T. Otter et al, Anal. Biochem. 162: 370-377 (1987),Transfer of a range of proteins with different molecular weights,Primary antibody dilution: higher specificity Secondary antibody dilution: lower backgroundNoisy Background: Optimizing Ab concentration, Optimizing blocking reagent, Optimize washing Extensive washing High salt wash,Low Specificity with High Background,Some examples:,