1、句子成分及练习,一、句子成分,（一）句子成分的定义： 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主语和谓语； 次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。,二）主语：,主语 (Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：,1.During the 1990s, American country music has become m
2、ore and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（名词化的形容词）,7.When we are going to have an English tes
3、t has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.,（主语从句）,（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,（三）谓语,谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten oclock.,（三）谓语,2、复合谓语： （1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：You may
4、keep the book for two weeks. （2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：Do you speak English？They are working in a field.He has caught a bad cold. （3）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. 注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。,（四）表语,表语(Predicative) 用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。 表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、
5、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：,1.Our teacher of English is an American. （名词） 2.Is it yours? （代词） 3.The weather has turned cold. （形容词） 4.The speech is exciting. （分词） 5.Three times seven is twenty one? （数词）,6.His job is to teach English. （不定式） 7.His hobby is playing football. （动名词） 8.The meeting is of
6、great importance. （介词短语） 9.Time is up. The class is over. （副词） 10.The truth is that he has never been abroad. （表语从句）,注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at me
7、eting. 3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He seems (to be) very sad.,注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,4）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如： The river was beginning
8、 to run dry. 6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达“结果是;证明是 “，之意，例如： The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success.,（五）宾语,宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： 1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 3.How many dictionaries do you have? I ha
9、ve five.,（名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.,（名词化形容词，名词）,（不定式短语）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,宾语种类： （1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. To: write, te
10、ll, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：He sent the novel to William yesterday. For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：She bought a gift for her mother. （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如： They elected him their monitor.,下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask, agree, c
11、are, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如：He refused to lend me his bike.,下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：John has a
12、dmitted breaking the window .,下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如：Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)I forgot returning the book to him. (书已还给他了),（六）宾语补足语,宾语补足语（Object Complement），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起
13、构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：,1.His father named him Xiaoming. 2.They painted their boat white. 3.Let the fresh air in. 4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 5.We saw her entering the room. 6.We found everything in t
14、he lab in good order. 7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.,（名词）,（形容词）,（副词）,（不定式短语）,（现在分词）,（介词短语）,（从句）,（七）定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。 定语可由以下等成分表示： 1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） 2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） 3.There are thirty women tea
15、chers in our school.（名词） 4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）,5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. （不定式短语） 6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. （动名词） 7.He is reading an article about how to learn English. （介词短语） 8.She is the girl who sings bes
16、t in my class.(定语从句),（八）状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示 ： 1.Light travels most quickly. 2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.,（副词及副词性词组）,（介词短语）,（不定式短语）,4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.W
17、ait a minute.6.Once you begin, you must continue.,（分词短语）,（名词）,（状语从句）,9种状语种类如下：,1. How about meeting again at six? 2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great
18、 care.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.,（伴随状语）,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,（九）
19、同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如： This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster. （十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，如： To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.,(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词 (4分，4分钟) The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classr
20、oom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.,(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词 (10分，10分钟) I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summ
21、er comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfas
22、t Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to? A.
23、 give B. did C. whom D. book,三) 挑出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分钟） My brother hasnt done his homework. A B C D People all over the world speak English. A B C D You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. A B C D How many new words did you learn last class? A B C D Some of the students in the school want to
24、go swimming, how about you? A B C D The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. A B C D They made him monitor of the class. A B C D Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. A B C D You will find it useful after you leave school. A B C D They didnt know who “Father Christma
25、s“ really is. A B C D,( (四) 挑出下列句中的表语 (5分，5分钟) The old man was feeling very tired. A B C D Why is he worried about Jim? A B C D The leaves have turned yellow. A B C D Soon They all became interested in the subject. A B C D She was the first to learn about it. A B C D,(五) 挑出下列句中的定语 (6分，6分钟) They use
26、Mr. Mrs. with the family name. A B C D What is your given name? A B C D On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. A B C D I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. A B C D The man downstairs was trying to sleep. A B C D I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! A B C D,(六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
27、(6分，6分钟) She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. A B C D He asked her to take the boy out of school. A B C D She found it difficult to do the work. A B C D They call me Lily sometimes. A B C D I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. A B C D Did you see Li Ming playing footbal
28、l on the playground just now? A B C D,(七) 挑出下列句中的状语（8分， 8分钟） There was a big smile on her face. A B C D Every night he heard the noise upstairs. A B C D He began to learn English when he was eleven. A B C D The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast. A B C D With the medicine box under her arm,
29、 Miss Li hurried off. A B C D She loves the library because she loves books. A B C D I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. A B C D The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. A B C D,(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 (5分，5分钟) Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for
30、me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?,练习,一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting
31、! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning.,S.,Attribute,O.,Predicate,Adverbial,Attribute,Adverbial,Adverbial,6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. Hi
32、s wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English.,Attribute,Predicative,O.,Predicate,S.,Predicate,S.,Predicative,Predicate,O.,Adverbial,AO.,RO.,14. Do you have anything else to say? 15. To be ho
33、nest，your pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet.,O.,Attribute,Parenthesis,O.,Adverbial,Adverbial,AS.,Pre
34、dicative,O.C.,O.C.,Predicative,划分句子成分 1.we are working . 2.I can swim very well . 3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me . 4.Why does the wind blow . 5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day . 6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music . 7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone
35、. 8.You must get the car ready by tomorrow .,9.I have a lot of clothes to wash .I have a lot of clothes to be washed . 10.He gave his son some advice on reading . 11.Read me the first paragraph . 12.Ive ordered some soup for you . 13.He began leaning English ten years ago . 14.My being late worried
36、my teacher . 15.That president himself would visit our school excited all of us . 16.April Day is the special day of the year when you play a joke on someone .,17.He usually takes a nap after lunch ,as is his habit . 18.I found the book in the corner of the room. 19.he finished lunch and went into t
37、he garden . 20.The telephone rang . 21.We study hard . 22.His father might have died . 23.Will you leave the door open when going out . 24.Can you make the dog stand still ?,25.The landlord had them working day and night . 26.I think a sound knowledge of grammar is important to good writing . 27.We
38、all breathe ,eat, drink . 28.I woke up at 6:00 in the morning . 29.The book weighs five kilos . 30.They will be flying to London . 31.The shop assistant found some certain materials for me . 32.He promised me a new English-Chinese dictionary.,33.Please pass a newly- published magazine to me . 34.He
39、lived in Guang Zhou . 35.The father is showing the boy how to plant trees . 36.His uncle left him some money . 37.She is teaching the piano to several of the village children and she has taught us English for 3 years . 38.I like popular music . 39.She knows what to do next . 40.It excited all of us
40、that the president would visit our school .,二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的 主语（）、谓语（）、宾语（）：,I hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from daw
41、n until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm.,Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs
42、more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.,三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语（）、补语（）：,
43、Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your let
44、ter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your paren
45、ts.,四、选择填空：,( )1. _ will leave for Beijing. A. Now there the man B. The man here now C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now ( ) 2. The weather _. A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold ( ) 3. The apple tasted _. A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet,
46、( ) 4. He got up _ yesterday morning. A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter ( )5. The actor _at the age of 70. A. dead B. died C. dyed D. dying ( )6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest. A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we,( )7. He found the street much _. A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly( ) 8.I think _necessary to learn English well. A. its B. it C. that D. that is,
