1、Development Through the Lifespan,Chapter 11Physical and Cognitive Development in AdolescenceThis multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparat
2、ion of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.,Conceptions of Adolescence,Biological Perspective Puberty Storm and stress Freud genital stage Social Perspective Social and cultural influences Balanced Point of V
3、iew Both biological and social influences,Three Phases of Adolescence,Hormonal Changes in Puberty,Estrogens More in girls Adrenal estrogens Androgens More in boys Testosterone,Growth Hormone and Thryoxine increase around age 8 9,Sex Differences in Body Growth in Adolescence,Sports Participation in H
4、igh School,Sexual Maturation,Primary Sexual CharacteristicsMaturation of the reproductive organs Girls: menarche Boys: spermarche,Secondary Sexual CharacteristicsOther visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity Girls: breasts Boys: facial hair, voice change Both: underarm hair,Individual
5、Differences in Timing of Puberty,Heredity Nutrition, exercise Body fat, leptin in girls Geographical location SES Ethnic group Family experiences Secular trend,Adolescent Brain Development,Sleep Habits in Adolescence,Still need almost as much sleep, but go to bed later Biological “phase delay” Socia
6、l habits,Lack of sleep impairs regulation of attention, emotion Lower achievement Mood problems High-risk behavior,Reactions to Puberty,Adolescent Moodiness,More negative life events Stronger responses Moods swings Related to daily events,Adolescent Emotions Across the Week,Parent-Child Relationship
7、s During Adolescence,Rise in conflict Psychological distancing Different views of teen readiness for responsibility Most conflict is mild Also affection, support,Consequences of Timing of Puberty,Factors in Reactions to Timing of Puberty,Physical attractiveness body image Girls: most want to be thin
8、ner, smaller Boys: most want to be bigger Fitting in with peers Prefer similar level of physical maturity,Nutrition in Adolescence,Calorie needs increase Poor food choices common Less fruits, vegetables, milk, breakfast More soda, fast food Iron, vitamin deficiencies Eating with family can help,Eati
9、ng Disorders,Anorexia nervosaStarve out of fear of getting fat Bulimia nervosaStrict diet and exercise, binge and purge,Adolescent Sexuality,North American attitudes relatively restrictive Media contradicts family messages Abstinence programs More liberal over past 40 years Most say premarital sex O
10、K for committed partners Activity matches attitudes Rates declining since 1990s Few partners Americans more than Canadians,Talking to Adolescents About Sex,Foster open communication Use correct terms Listen, discuss, collaborate Think before talking Keep conversations going,Percentages of Girls Who
11、Have Had Sex,Adolescent Contraceptive Use,Recent increase in contraceptive use Still, 27% American, 13% Canadian do not use Reasons for not using: Concern about image Adolescent risk taking Social environment Forced intercourse,Characteristics of Sexually Active Adolescents,Sequence of Coming Out,Fe
12、eling Differentages 612 Confusionages 1115 Acceptancetiming varies,Most Common STDs,AIDS Chlamydia Cytomegalovirus Genital warts Gonorrhea Herpes simplex 2 Syphilis,Adolescent Pregnancy Statistics,Risks for Teen Mothers,Less educational achievement More time as single parents Economic problems Pregn
13、ancy and birth complications Lack of parenting skills,Pregnancy Rates Among 15- to 19-Year-Olds,Help for Teen Pregnancy,Prevention Strategies More sex education Skills for handling sexual situations Promoting abstinence Info. & access to contraceptives Academic & social competence School involvement
14、,Intervention with Teenage Parents Health care Help staying in school Job & life-management training Parenting instruction Child care Adult mentors Father support,Adolescent Substance Use,Have tried, by grade 10: Cigarettes 40% Alcohol 63% Illegal drugs 38% By end of high school: 14% smoke regularly
15、 28% recent heavy drinking 50%+ tried illegal drugs,Adolescent Substance Abusers,Compared to experimenters More antisocial, impulsive acts Start earlier More likely to be affected by genetic and environmental factors,Piagets Theory: Formal Operational Stage,Propositional Thought Evaluating the logic
16、 of verbal propositions,Hypothetico-deductive reasoningDeducing hypotheses from a general theoryPendulum problem,Piagets Pendulum Problem,Follow-up Research on Formal Operational Thought,School-age children start developing abstract thinking skills Problems with propositional thinking Logical necess
17、ity,Formal operations may not be universal Training, context contribute Often fall back on easier thinking,Information Processing Improvements in Adolescence,Attention Inhibition Memory strategies Knowledge Metacognition,Cognitive self-regulation Processing capacity Speed of thinking,Scientific Reas
18、oning,Coordinating Theory with Evidence Improves with Age From childhood through adulthood Individuals vary Contributing factors Working memory capacity Exposure to complex problems Metacognitive understanding Open-mindedness,Scientific Reasoning Task,Consequences of Abstract Thought,Self-Consciousn
19、ess & Self-Focusing Imaginary audience Sensitivity to criticism Personal fable Idealism and Criticism Planning and Decision Making Inexperience Overwhelming options,Sex Differences in Mental Abilities,Gender Differences in Reading and Writing,School Transitions in Adolescence,Grades decline with eac
20、h transition Higher standards Less supportive teaching-learning environment Lower self esteem More with 6 3 3 organization than 8 4 Girls more than boys,School Transitions and Students with Problems,Helping Adolescents Adjust to School Transitions,Parental involvement, monitoring Smaller units withi
21、n schools Homeroom teacher relationships Classes with familiar peers Minimize competition, treatment by ability at school,Supporting Academic Achievement,Child-rearing practices Authoritative Joint decision making Parent-school partnerships School characteristics Classroom learning experiences Teach
22、ing Tracking,Peer influences Value high achievement Employment schedule Vocational education,High School Graduation Rates,Drop-Out Rates,Dropout Prevention Strategies,Address factors in students lives outside school Extracurricular activities,High-quality vocational training Remedial instruction Personalized counseling,Benefits of Extracurricular Activities,Less antisocial behavior Improved family relationships Higher achievement later in life,Academic performance Social skills, peer acceptance Self esteem, confidence,
