1、ETS 范文提炼模板（参考 P16）The notion/statement/conception/concept thatseems/appears at first glance/to be an obvious/First of all/to begin with/as mentioned in the argument,(逻辑缺陷).The statistics about/onwould be more accurate/convincing/persuasive/convictive/eloquent if.The argument above is weakened/crippl
2、ed/impaired by the fact that it fails to/does not take into account.Also/In addition/Additionally/Besides/Furthermore, the statistics/data/figures above are based entirely/solely on.The statistics also does not differentiate betweenand.The conclusion thatsuggests/indicates/demonstrates/reveals that
3、it is presumed that.This is usually not the case/this is not necessarily the case. Given that, (事实的原因).Finally, there is apparently/obviously/inherently no sufficient/adequate evidence to testify/sustain that.For example To sum up, this argument fails to substantiate/authenticate/verify his statemen
4、t that, for the evidence cited in the analysis/passage does not lead strong support to what the surveyor claims/argues/states/maintains. To take the claim more convincing/persuasive, the speaker/author needs to provide/offer more information with regard to/concerning.（尽量不用 not 可用 fail to; for-as-sin
5、ce）Argument 十大逻辑错误分类一调查类错误1调查过程错误 Procedure Selective sample:选择性样本/片面性样本（首先质疑不随机，随机也要大范围内随机，不能在小范围内随机;样本数量少,不够随机.）Unless the surveyor samples a sufficient number ofand does so randomly across the entire spectrum, the survey results are not reliable to gaugegenerally. Quantity of sample:只有绝对值、相对值，没有数
6、量 insufficient (普遍性、代表性)The number of samples/respondents, itself, does not ensure/guarantee representativeness. For example, if the sample includes/involves only, then the results would no doubt suggest. 被访者是否说了真话，这是个小错误，可攻击也可不攻击（结果是否匿名、被访者是否有利益关系，比如衣服、价格 We are not informed whether the survey resp
7、onses are anonymous, even confidential. If they were not,）2调查结果类错误 数据是否有意义,数据是否含糊。The argument tells us that many/a number of.However the speaker fails to indicate the percentage of.So this evidence is far too vague to be meaningful.The author fails to provide information regarding the absolute numb
8、er of . 调查者错误 researcher:应是中立机构或第三方(we, cross-bencher, non-aligned) 调查时间类错误,若不是 close enough 就有问题;若有ago就有问题(according to a recent survey 不要攻击)When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the sample should be gathered close enough in time to the generalization.A threshold pa
9、ramount problem is that the argument neglects to indicate how recently the survey was actually conducted/ carried out.补充词汇:名词:survey, research, study, poll, investigation, statistics, datasample, specimen, sampling, questionnaire, accidental sampling, random sample, class sampling, randomnessquantit
10、y, quality, absolute value, percentage, proportionvalidity, statistical, validityrange, spectrum, scope动词: select, choose, sample indicate, investigate, examine, scrutinize, evaluate, assess apply to, represent, stand for, embody其它: valid, authentic random, quantitative, statistical, representative,
11、 characteristic, typical far-ranging 广泛的,普遍的, comprehensive, extensive generally, universally二、充分与必要条件类错误 sufficient evidence and necessary condition充分条件：A 发生导致 D 发生，A 为 D 的充分条件攻击：不否认 A 是导致 D 发生的一个原因，但 D 的发生不光与 A 有关，还要 B 和 C 跟 A 一起起作用，对 A 我们要采取肯定的态度（once）必要条件：A 不发生导致 D 不发生，A 为 D 的必要条件攻击:我发现 A 未发生，D
12、发生，D 发生是由于 B 或 C，对 A 我们采取否定态度（only without necessarily）The argument assumes to hastily that _will necessarily/sufficiently result in the behavior that the argument predicts. Perhaps, _.Moreover, _.The fact that A is not sufficient for the prediction that B_. The editors recommendation depends on the
13、 assumption that no factors other than A result in D. However, common sense informs that this assumption is a poor/indefensible one. A myriad of other factors, including B or C might be the cause of D. To be specific, _. Without ruling out these and other possible causes, the editor cannot justifiab
14、ly conclude that only by A, can D.补充词汇:名词: Condition，prerequisite ，requirement，sufficiency，aftermath， outcome，result，consequence动词：Constitute，establish，suffice 导致：Cause，raise，conduce，induce，incur，trigger，breed，initiate， ferment，provoke，ignite导致短语：Contribute to/lead to/give rise to/give birth to/acco
15、unt for/be responsible for/be blamed for/result in/bring about/on/attributeto/oweto/indebtto/draw down(draw on)/be accompanied by表示起因于的短语：Result from/arise from/stem from/derive from/be parallel to(A is parallel to B;A 起因于 B)/be connected with/be associated with/be related to表示因为的介词短语：Because of/as
16、a result of 因为(as a result 因此)/due to/owing to/on account of/thanks to/but for/in view of/by virtue of/for the sake of三、因果关系类错误 cause and effect fallacies1、无因果类错误 non sequitur（与条件类错误类似） ，但是它的时态一般是已经发生的两件事情。例如：题目中说 A 引起了 D 的发生，但是事实上是 D 的发生不是由 A 引起的，很可能是由 B 或 C 引起的。The arguer fails to establish the ca
17、usal relationship between A and D. It is highly possible that other factors contribute to D. For instance, D might have resulted from B; it is presumptuous to suggest that A was responsible for D.2、时序性因果错误（先发生的是后发生的条件）Based on the fact that A occurred after D, the editor infers that D should be resp
18、onsible for A. However, the sequence of these events, in itself, does not suffice to prove that the earlier development caused the later one. It might have resulted from some other events instead: B and C (to name a few).Without ruling out scenarios such as these, the editor can not establish a caus
19、e-and-effect relationship between A and B upon which the editors recommendation depends.3、同时性因果错误 concurrence标志词：Meanwhile, also, with, during, under, over, parallelThe author commits a fallacy of concurrence in assuming thatThe argument observes a correlation between A and B, and then concludes tha
20、t the former is the cause of the latter. However, the argument fails to rule out other possible explanations for B. For example, _. Any of these factors might lead to B. Without ruling out all other factors it is unfair to conclude that A is responsible for B.四、范围变化类错误 changing scope任何整体内部的各个个体都有差异，
21、这种错误一定要看引言句：题干引言和正文的纵向范围变大或者缩小；正文内部的论据和结论之间存在范围的变化。 （偷换概念、个体放大到整体、整体缩小到个体、平均值错误）1、偷换概念攻击A threshold problem involves the definition of A. The arguer fails to define this critical term. If A is defined as B, then_is irrelevant of A, it is impossible to assess the strength effectiveness of the argumen
22、t/remedy/approach.2、整体缩小到个体标志词：nationwide, statewide, throughout, overall, across, averageThe overall trends in the nation may not reflect the conditions of the specific area where(反驳). One problem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide statistics about _apply to_. (Characteristics
23、 of a group apply to every member of that group), yet in this might not be the case, for a variety of possible reasons. Perhaps,_; or maybe_. Without ruling out such possibilities, the author can not justifiably conclude that_.3、个体放大到整体The argument rests on the assumption that (个体案例) typify nationwi
24、de(整体情况). Thus, lacking more comprehensive (marketing) information aboutnationwide, it is difficult to assess the merit of the memos recommendation.常用词：名词：Scope, localization, diversity, variety, individual, difference, unit, whole动词：Extend, expand, broaden, enlarge, spread, shrink, differentiate, a
25、nd distinguish形容词：Overall, generally, extensive, entire, diverse, dissimilar, multiplex五、考虑问题不全面 incomplete thought1、没有考虑正负得失 Failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly 正负 advantage the other is B. However, this assumption presents a false dilemma. Since A and B are not necessarily m
26、utually exclusive attentive.七、时间外推类错误过去无法推现在和将来；现在也无法预测将来攻击原理：The author claims that(将来)，because (过去/现在). The assumption is unwarranted because rarely do things remain the same over extend period of time. There are likely all kinds of difference between (past) and (future). For example (future); how
27、ever,(past). Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the claim that_.词汇归纳：名词：Trend, tendency, direction, fixedness, diversification动词：Forecast, anticipate, expect, continue, remain, alter, inflect, shift, and transfer八、类比类错误原理：作者说 A 做了一个做法取得了成功，因此 B 这个地方也要效仿也能取得成功（常规性的错误比较、选择性比较、纵比
28、和横比）标志词：Nearby, identical, neighboring, 两个行业，公司名称，两个城市，州、国家的名称The authors assumption rests on/depends on/relies on/is based on what might be a poor/indefensible analogy that_, which falsely depends on the argument that A and B are identical/similar. However, it is likely that A and B has a little in
29、 common/has much difference. In short, without ruling out the possible difference between A and B, the author an not prove_.名词:Analogy, comparison, similarity, comparability, parallelism动词：Resemble, differ, vary, distinguish, and discriminate形容词：Analogically, homologous, analogous, distinct, dissimi
30、lar, disparate七、模糊论据类错误主观性陈述 promise, guess关联型承诺不一定成行，即使成行不一定带来所说的结果Vague, invalid, void, ill-defined, indistinct, unclear八、无理假设 unwarranted assumptionThe author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that_. However, in evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption. For example, it is most likely that_. Therefore, the argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.
