1、1Unit 1 Laughter is good for you Section Grammar Writing 语法图解 探究发现People have always enjoyed laughing, and there has always been humour.Standup is a kind of comedy that is done on a stage by a comedian talking straight to audience members.A standup comedian may tease an audience mumber, or might dec
2、ide to tell different jokes depending upon how the audience reacted to his or her previous jokes.He says it is because when he started practising standup as a child, he told himself jokes while standing in front of the mirror, brushing his teeth.They could only see him standing there moving his lips
3、.Laughing helps your body stay healthy and can even help you fight pain.To be a good actor, you need to know the vocabulary used on stage.The most famous are the Canadian Mark Roswell, known in China as Dashan，and David Moser(Mo Dawei)from the USA.我的发现(1)以上各句中，非谓语动词作主语的是：；非谓语动词作宾语的是：。(2)句中的非谓语动词在句中作
4、方式状语；句中的非谓语动词作伴随状语，且该非谓语动词表示主动和正在进行的动作。(3)句中宾语与宾语补足语之间是主动关系。(4)从句中可以看出，现在分词作定语，表示其与被修饰名词之间存在主动关系；从句中可以看出过去分词作定语，表示其与被修饰名词之间存在被动关系。2非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词，非谓语动词可在句中作主语、宾语、补语、定语和状语。一、非谓语动词作主语1不定式作主语(1)不定式作主语表示某一次的具体动作、将来的动作或一般情况。作主语的不定式有时态和语态的变化，而且谓语动词的数通常用单数。To hesitate means failure.犹豫不决就意味着失败。To know ev
5、erything is to know nothing.样样皆通，样样稀松。To smoke so much is not very good for you.抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(2)有时候为了保持句子平衡，也可以用 it 作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式后置。It is our duty to give as much help as possible.提供尽可能多的帮助是我们的职责。(3)不定式的复合结构由“for/of sb.to do”构成， “介词sb.(sth.)”表明不定式动作的发出者，为不定式的逻辑主语。Its difficult for us to finish t
6、he work.对我们来说，完成这项工作是困难的。Its clever of you to work out the maths problem.你真聪明，解出了这道数学题。名师点津 若形容词是描述事物，不是对不定式行为者的品格进行评价，用 for；若形容词是描述不定式行为者的性格、品质的，用 of。即时演练 1(1)用所给词的适当形式填空To_stop (stop) the work now seems already impossible.To_finish (finish) the work in ten minutes is very hard.It was foolish of yo
7、u to_give (give) up what you rightly owned.(2)选词填空：for, ofIt is so kind of you to do me such a good favour.I dont think it right for you to say so absurd a requirement.(3)句型转换To give up smoking is right.3It is right to give up smoking.2动名词作主语(1)动名词作主语常表示一般性的、习惯性的动作或状态，动名词有时态和语态的变化，且谓语动词通常用单数形式。Sayin
8、g is easier than doing.说比做容易。Having seen a lot of the world in ones youth is a good thing.年轻时多见见世面是件好事。Being laughed at in public is what you will never want to happen to you.被当众嘲笑是你永远不想发生在自己身上的事情。(2)动名词作主语时，可位于句首和句末。动名词位于句末时用 it 作形式主语。常见句型有：Error!It is no use waiting here.在这儿等无济于事。It is worthwhile
9、spending some time doing this job.花点儿时间做这项工作是值得的。(3)动名词作主语时的逻辑主语：动名词作主语时可以有自己的逻辑主语， “逻辑主语动名词”叫做动名词的复合结构。动名词作主语时，逻辑主语的常见形式：Error!His leaving is a great loss.他的离开是一个巨大的损失。Yesterday being Sunday postponed the match.昨天是星期天，比赛推迟了。即时演练 2 用所给动词的适当形式填空It is no good saying (say) such ugly words to him.Workin
10、g (work) in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer.It is no use wasting (waste) too much time on such things.His being (be) late made me angry.二、非谓语动词作定语1不定式作定语(1)作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.4布朗一家有舒适的房子可住。(2)当作定语的不定
11、式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：Have you got anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗？(不定式 to send 的动作执行者是“你”)Have you got anything to be sent?你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗？(不定式 to be sent 的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”)(3)用不定式作定语的几种情况：不定式表将来The car to be bought is for his sister.要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。用来修饰被序数词、最高级或 no, all, any
12、 等限定的中心词。He was the best man to do the job.他是做这项工作的最佳人选。She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.她是在奥运会上第一个获得金牌的女选手。用来修饰的词是抽象名词时用不定式，常见的有 ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。Do you have the ability to rea
13、d and write in English?你具备读写英语的能力吗？I have no chance to go sightseeing.我没有机会外出观光。即时演练 3(1)单句改错The surgeon has several patients to operate.operate 后加 on(2)完成句子有很多工作要做。There is a lot of work to_do.他是最不可依靠的人。He is the last person to_depend_on.要买的那本书已经被他人买走了。The book to_be_bought has already been bought
14、by another person.5该开始春播了。It is already time to_start spring sowing.2分词作定语(1)现在分词作定语：现在分词作定语时，与所修饰词之间是主动关系。单个分词作定语一般放在所修饰的名词的前面，分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词的后面。Keep silent in order not to wake up the sleeping baby.保持安静，别惊醒睡觉的小孩。If you see soldiers wearing skyblue helmets, they are United Nations peacekeepers.如果你
15、看见士兵戴着天蓝色的头盔，他们就是联合国维和人员。现在分词的一般式(doing)作定语，表示主动、进行的动作；现在分词一般式的被动语态(being done)作定语时，表示被动、进行的动作。The man standing by the window is our teacher.站在窗户旁边的那个人是我们的老师。The bridge being repaired will be in use next month.正在修缮的大桥将于下一个月使用。名师点津 动名词作定语表示用途，而不是正在进行着的动作。He is now in the sleeping car.He is now in the
16、 car for sleeping.他现在在卧车里。即时演练 4(1)判断下列句中动词ing 是动名词还是现在分词？He uses a walking stick to help keep the balance.动名词The men working here are all from the rural areas.现在分词(2)用所给动词的适当形式填空(山东高考改编)Theres a note pinned to the door saying (say) when the shop will open again. (2015北京高考改编)The park was full of peo
17、ple, enjoying (enjoy) themselves in the sunshine.The problem being_discussed (discuss) now is of great interest.(3)句型转换The building being built now will be our dining hall.The building which is being built now will be our dining hall.6(2)过去分词作定语：过去分词作定语时，与所修饰词之间是被动关系。表示被动或完成的动作。The house built last
18、year has become our lab.去年建的那座房子已经成了我们的实验室。English is now an international language, spoken by about 750 million people.英语现在是一门国际语言，约有 7.5 亿人说英语。即时演练 5 用所给动词的适当形式填空(湖南高考改编)You cannot accept an opinion offered (offer) to you unless it is based on facts.(重庆高考改编)The producer comes regularly to collect
19、the cameras returned (return) to our shop for quality problems.3不定式的一般被动式(to be done)、过去分词(done)、现在分词的一般被动式(being done)作定语时的区别不定式的一般被动式(to be done)表示将来的被动动作；过去分词(done)表示被动或完成的动作；现在分词的一般被动式(being done)表示被动、进行的动作。Have you read the novel written by Dickens?你读过狄更斯写的小说吗？Listen！The song being sung is very
20、 popular with the students.听！现在正唱着的这首歌在学生中非常流行。The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one.明天将要在会上讨论的这个问题非常重要。即时演练 6 用所给动词的适当形式填空The building to_be_built (build) next year will be a new school.The building being_built (build) now will be a new school.The building built
21、(build) last year is a new school now.(2014北京高考改编)There are still many problems to_be_solved (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.三、非谓语动词作补语1一般情况下，不定式作宾补常指动作是将来发生的，现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行，而过去分词作宾补常表示被动含义。The children asked their parents to take them to the park.孩子们要求父母带他们去公园。Suddenly he h
22、eard someone knocking gently on the windown.7忽然他听见有人在轻轻地敲窗户。When they got there, they found the house burnt down.当他们到那儿时，发现房子已全部被烧毁。2感官动词后，如 see, watch, look at, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel 及部分表示“使” 、 “让”的使役动词，如 have, make, let 跟不定式作宾补时要省略不定式符号 to。但在被动语态中 to 要加上。Though he had often made h
23、is sister cry, today he was made to cry by his sister.尽管他总是弄哭他妹妹，但今天却被他妹妹弄哭了。名师点津 (1)感官动词后跟分词和动词不定式作宾补的区别：如果感官动词后的宾语和分词之间是主动关系或表示正在进行的动作或动作的一个片段，则用现在分词；是主动关系又表示全过程时，则用省略 to 的动词不定式；如果是被动关系，且动作已经完成，则用过去分词。(2)使役动词 leave, have, get 可跟三种非谓语形式作补语，但意义不同。即时演练 7(1)判断下列句中补语表示的意义a主动 b被动 c完成 d将来The guests left
24、most of the dishes untouched, because they didnt taste delicious.bcHe left, leaving me to do all the rest work.adWe hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.bdIll have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.bMr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.bHe got me to
25、 make a promise that I would keep my word.ad(2)用所给动词的适当形式填空I asked him to_buy (buy) a torch when he came here.What caused him to_change (change) his mind?The farmer had his house destroyed (destroy) in the storm.Youd better speak louder in order to make yourself heard (hear)She was found reading (re
26、ad) at the school gate this morning.(3)完成句子昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。I saw_him_work in the garden yesterday.8昨天我看见他正在花园里干活。I saw_him_working in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他受到了他父母的惩罚。I saw_him_punished by his parents yesterday.妈妈让她的儿子去上学。Her son was made to_go_to_school by mother.用所给词的适当形式填空1Learning (learn) a la
27、nguage requires time and effort.2It is not always easy to_refuse (refuse) invitations.3To_save/Saving (save) money now seems impossible.4To answer correctly is more important than to_finish (finish) quickly.5How to_solve (solve) the problem will be discussed at tomorrows meeting.6Do you consider it
28、any good trying (try) again?7How about the price list? Does it have a guarantee to_go (go) with it?8I dont remember his telling (tell) us about it.9Her wish is to_become (become) an engineer.10(2015陕西高考)Back from his twoyear medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother taken (
29、take) good care of at home.完成句子1它刊登着一些由外国朋友写的关于他们本国文化的文章。(2015全国卷)It carries some articles written_by_foreign_friends about the cultures of their home countries.2我想邀请你下周六和我们一同前往附近的敬老院陪老人过重阳节。(2015全国卷)Id like to invite you to_join_us for a visit to the nearby nursing home next Saturday for the Double
30、 Ninth Festival.3关于说普通话，较好的做法是多注意发音。(2015四川高考)As for speaking Mandarin, its better to_pay_much_ attention_to_the_pronunciation.4我父亲每天让我弹两个小时的钢琴。I was made to_play_the_piano for two hours every day by I my father.5我相信这些赠书可以使你更熟悉中国。9(2015天津高考)I believe these_donated_books can make you more familiar wi
31、th China.6听完我的理由后，他们都同意我的提议。(2015浙江高考)After hearing_my_reasons,_they all agreed to my proposal.7有点压力自然对考试是有益的。(2014四川高考)Naturally, being_(to_be)_a_little_stressed can be good for the exams.8文学类图书值得读，因为它们能帮助我们更多地了解社会和生活。(2014浙江高考)Literary books are_worth_reading because they can help us to know more
32、about the society and life.短文改错Our government is built a “harmonious society”. It is our duty to work hard to achieve this goals. First of all, we should love our motherland, caring about the development of our hometown and take an active part our schools activities. Secondly, we should respect the
33、old and love the young, included our parents and teachers. We should also unite the student around us and help each other. Above all, we must be honestly and reliable in our daily life. Last but not least, we should try our best to saving energy and protect against our natural environment. Lets star
34、t right now and spares no effort to do a little bit every day!答案：第一句：builtbuilding第二句：goalsgoal第三句：caringcare; part 后加 in第四句：includedincluding第五句：studentstudents第六句：honestlyhonest第七句：savingsave; 去掉 against第八句：sparesspare电子邮件(email)属于应用文中的一种，是高考考查的重点和热点。一、基本结构10英语 email 在内容结构上主要由以下几部分组成：1标题栏一般情况下，开头需
35、要填写的地方主要有“To：”(即填写收件人的 email 地址)及“Subject：”(即填写电子邮件内容的主题)。2称呼语在 email 中，正文前的称呼无需太正式，目前，省略 Mr.或 Ms.(或 Mrs/Miss)，直呼对方名字的做法很普遍，如“Dear John”或“Tommy” ， “Mary”等。即使省略称呼，在email 中也不算太失礼，不过这要视情况而定。给长辈或上级发 email 最好用头衔加上姓名相称，如“Mr. Smith” ， “Dr. Wang”等。3正文写正文时要注意把握以下两点：(1)首先要明确写给谁。对不同的收件人，写作的语气要有所不同。假如是写给朋友的，则可以
36、用一些俚语或缩写词，但如果是高考中的书面表达题，则属正规写作，最好不用俚语或缩写词。(2)写电子邮件要多用短句，使意思表达更加清楚，当然，对重点部分要作详细介绍。比如高考中，就必须根据(汉语或图画)提示，将要点写全，并注意语言的规范。也就是说，应把它当作一篇小作文来对待，而不是像我们平时给朋友发的邮件那样随随便便。4结束语结束语也很简明，常常只需一个单词，如“Thanks” ， “Cheers”，或者一些非正式用语，如“Take care”， “See you”。但在正式的商业性质的 email 中常会出现“Best wishes”或“Best regards”等。5签名签到结束语下一行右下角
37、处。二、增分佳句A常用开头语1表达问候Error!2谈谈心情Error!3直言目的：Im writing to .B正文部分1As we discussed on the phone .如我们上次在电话中讨论的2As mentioned before, we think this product has strong unique selling points in China. 如先前所述，我们认为这个产品在中国有强有力且独一无二的销售点。113Let me tell you something different. 让我告诉你一些不同的事情。4We would like to inform
38、 you that . 我们想要通知你5I am convinced that . 我确信6We will have a meeting scheduled as noted below.我们将举行一个会议，时间表如下。7The . here is totally different from .这里的完全不同于8Youd better bring .你最好带C结尾部分1表达祝愿Error!2期盼回复Error!题目要求李平的父亲有位美国同事，他的孩子约翰下个月来华。约翰发邮件向李平询问一些有关李平所在城市的问题。请根据以下要点给约翰回封电子邮件。1得知约翰要来非常高兴。告诉他可能遇到一些不同
39、于美国的情况。2气候：冬天冷，有时下雪。夏天几乎不下雨，但一下起来就很大。提醒约翰带雨衣、棉衣。3饮食：饮食与美国很不同，他应尽力习惯中国饮食，并要学会如何使用筷子。4最后，请他带一张美国地图，希望早日能见面。注意：词数 100 左右。参考词汇：筷子 chopsticks第一步：审题构思很关键一、审题1确定体裁：本文为电子邮件。2确定人称：本文人称应以第二人称为主。3确定时态：本文时态应用一般现在时。二、构思第一部分：简单问候，表露心情，直言目的。得知约翰要来非常高兴。告诉他可能遇12到一些不同于美国的情况。第二部分：从气候和饮食两个方面介绍这里的不同于美国的情况，并叮嘱来中国时请带一张美国地
40、图。第三部分：表达愿望。希望早日能见面。第二步：核心词汇想周全1something_different 不同的情况2totally/completely 完全3be_different_from/differ_from/other_than 不同于4hardly_ever/barely/scarcely 几乎不5whenever 每当，每次6Chinese_food 中国食物7get/be_used_to/be_accustomed_to 习惯于8look_forward_to/long_for 盼望，期盼第三步：由词扩句雏形现1听说你下个月要来中国我非常高兴。(that 引导的宾语从句)I_
41、am_glad_to_hear_that_you_will_come_to_China_next_month. 2让我告诉你一些在这里你可能遇到的不同的事情。(定语从句)Let_me_tell_you_something_different_you_may_meet_here. 3这里的天气完全不同于你那个地方的天气。The_weather_here_is_totally_different_from_that_in_your_place.4夏天几乎不下雨，但每次一下起来就很大。(but 连接并列句；whenever 引导让步状语从句)It_hardly_ever_rains_in_summe
42、r_but_whenever_it_does,_it_rains_heavily.5因此你最好带好雨衣、棉衣。(had better do)So_youd_better_bring_a_raincoat_and_overcoat.6你应尽力习惯中国饮食，并要学会如何使用筷子。(用 and 连接并列谓语)You_have_to_try_to_get_used_to_it,_and_learn_how_to_use_chopsticks.7如有可能，请带一张美国地图。(祈使句；状语从句)Please_bring_me_an_American_map_if_it_is_possible.第四步：句式
43、升级造亮点1用倒装句改写句 4Hardly_ever_does_it_rain_in_summer_but_whenever_it_does,_it_rains_heavily. 2用现在分词作伴随状态改写句 6You_have_to_try_to_get_used_to_it,_learning_how_to_use_chopsticks. 133把句 7 改为含状语从句的省略的复合句Please_bring_me_an_American_map_if_possible.第五步：过渡衔接联成篇Dear_John，Is_everything_going_well_with_you?_I_am_
44、glad_to_hear_that_you_will_come_to_China_next_month._Now_let_me_tell_you_something_different_you_may_meet_here.To_begin_with,_the_weather_here_is_totally_different_from_that_in_your_place._It_is_very_cold_in_winter_and_sometimes_it_snows._Hardly_ever_does_it_rain_in_summer_but_whenever_it_does,_it_r
45、ains_heavily._So_youd_better_bring_a_raincoat_and_overcoat._Another_big_difference_is_food._The_Chinese_food_is_quite_different_from_yours._You_have_to_try_to_get_used_to_it,_learning_how_to_use_chopsticks._Im_sure_you_can_do_it._Finally,_please_bring_me_an_American_map_if_possible._Thank_you_very_much.I_am_looking_forward_to_meeting_you.Yours，Li_Ping
