1、科技文体特点与翻译,科技文体的范畴,科技文体可以泛指一切论及或谈及科学和技术的书面语和口语，其中包括： 1. 科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案； 2. 各类科技情报和文字资料； 3. 科技实用手册和操作规程； 4. 有关科技问题的会谈、会议、交谈的用语； 5. 有关科技的影片、录像等有声资料的解说词，等等。,科技英语文体总貌,着重叙事逻辑上的联贯(Coherence)及表达上的明晰(Clarity)与畅达(Fluency)；避免行文晦涩，作者避免表露个人感情，避免论证上的主观随意性。 科技英语结构力求平易(Plainness)和精确(Preciseness)，忌用夸张、借喻、讥讽、反诘
2、、双关及押韵等修辞手段。,科技文体的一般特征,(1) 无人称（Impersonal) (2) 语气正式,概念准确,名词多 (3) 文体质朴,少修辞(Unadorned in stylistics) (4) 逻辑性强，连词多 (Strict in Logic) (5) 专业术语多，表达各专业不同 (Concentrated in Technical Terms),1， 无人称,It 句型大量使用Reading is a very important language skill for foreign language learners. The significance of language
3、 learning strategies in reading comprehension is self-evident.,2，语气正式,概念准确,名词多,1) Although the majority of tunnel construction projects have been completed safely, there have been several incidents in various tunneling projects that have resulted in delays, cost overruns, and in a few cases more sig
4、nificant consequences such as injury and loss of life. 2) The World Health Organization estimates that “fine particulate air pollution (PM 2.5) causes about 3% of mortality from cardiopulmonary disease, about 5% of mortality from cancer of the trachea, bronchus, and lung, and about 1% of mortality f
5、rom acute respiratory infections in children under 5 yr, worldwide.”,3，文体质朴,少修辞,1) Like a normal diode, the LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material doped with impurities to create a p-n junction. 2) The Complera dose is one tablet taken by mouth once a day. It should be taken with a meal (
6、e.g., breakfast or dinner).,4，逻辑性强，连词、分词多,1) When discharging, lithium is forced out of the anode (+) and into the cathode (-), and during charging the reverse occurs. 2）It is generally thought that seismic acceleration values underground are less than at the surface, and that the rigidity of the su
7、rrounding rock is high enough to preserve the shape of tunnels.,5，各专业义的术语多,Joint Expansion joint 伸缩缝 Phalangeal joint 指关节 Rock joint 岩石节理 Joint chamber 电缆交接箱 Lower link joint 下拉杆铰链 Bed Road bed 路基 Salt bed 盐层 Rail bed 钢轨底座 Shaker bed 分离筛 River bed 河床,科技文章的句法特征,（）在人称的使用上，强调文章的客观性，汉语中常使用“笔者”、“我们”、“本文”
8、而不使用“我”来充当得出某一结论的主语；英语中则常使用The author thinks that/The authors have investigated /This paper illustrates等句式。 （2）英语科技文章名词化结构用得多。 （3）时态变化不明显：汉语里的动词无时态变化。英语中叙述客观事实几乎千篇一律使用现在时。 （4）在语态方面，汉语中主动语态使用较多，而英语中，被动语态使用较多。 （5）汉语和英语的科技文章中，句子结构都较为复杂。,科技汉译英的方法,1) 名词化结构 2) 被动语态的应用 3) 运用特殊句型和长句,1) 名词化(Nominalization),广
9、泛使用能表示动作或状态的抽象名词 “Scientific writing differs greatly from the other styles in having a highly proportion of noun phrases with complexity” (Quirk) 阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理。Archimedis first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 比较：Archimedis first discovered the principle that soli
10、d bodies could displace water.,合同双方令人满意地履行合同义务是拓展业务和扩大合作的前提。 A) That both parties fulfilled the Contract satisfactorily will be the basis for the development of business and further cooperation. B) The satisfactory fulfillment of the Contract by both parties will be the basis for the development of
11、business and further cooperation.,名词连用（“扩展的名词前置修饰语 ” Expanded Noun Premodifiers）,可以有效地简化语言结构。 Illumination intensity determination = determination of the intensity of illumination 照明强度测定 Power transmission relay system = a relay system for power transmission 送电中继体系,2) 广泛使用被动语句,根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统
12、计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态。,科技英语常用句型及翻译定式,1, It is supposed that 2, It is reported that 3, It can be clearly seen that 4, It should be noted that 5, It may be safely said that 6, It must be stressed that 7, It has been proved that 8, It was estimated that 9, It wi
13、ll be seen from this that 10, It is generally considered that,本文简要定性地讨论了一些基本概念。 A brief qualitative discussion of some basic concepts is presented in this paper. cf. This paper gives/presents a brief qualitative discussion of some basic concepts.,回指释义策略在英语阅读理解中解释功能的研究,【Abstract】 This case study aime
14、d to explore the use of anaphora resolution strategy in English reading comprehension. Three research questions were addressed as follows: (1) What obstacles do readers meet in English reading comprehension? (2) What is the relationship between anaphora resolution and English reading comprehension?
15、(3) How does anaphora resolution strategy training promote readers English reading comprehension?,3) 运用特殊句型和长句 科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型，从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。 1) Itthat句型； 2) 其他固定结构：定义，比较, 分类显然，润滑好的轴承，比不润滑的轴承容易转动。 It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one.,和古庙正好隔河相对的那座宝塔据说是明
16、代的建筑。 A. The pagoda that stands facing the ancient temple and is separated from each other by the river is said to have been built in the Ming Dynasty. B. It is said that the pagoda just across the river from the ancient temple was built in the Ming Dynasty.,It 作宾语,电子设备有着巨大威力和多种用途而被广泛应用，因而使理工科学生必须熟悉
17、电子学的实用知识。 The great power and versatility of electronic devices and, consequently, their widespread application make it imperative that science and engineering students obtain a working familiarity with electronics.,2) 其他固定结构：定义，比较, 分类计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。 Computers may be classified into analog and
18、digital. 不锈钢是能抗腐蚀的合金。 Stainless steel is defined as an alloy which resists corrosion. 大型变压器的效率可以高达99%. Large transformers can achieve efficiencies of as much as 99%.,长句 为了表述一个复杂概念，使之逻辑严密，结构紧凑，科技文章中往往出现许多长句。有的长句多达七八十个词，以下即是一例。,The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of t
19、he hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations, and at a later stage to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium havi
20、ng the physical character assumed in the hypothesis. 为了解释光学现象，人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同的物理性质的介质。这种尝试的结果，最初曾使人们以为有一种能传输横向振动的具体介质,后来人们得出结论认为所假设的那种物理性质的发光介质并不存在。,不言而喻，本保函自开立之日起生效，开标之日起60天后失效。如果投标方及你方都同意延期，则在通知担保人的前提下，本保函在延长的有效期内依然有效，除非你方提前终止或解除本保函。 It is fully understood that this guarantee takes effect from issuing date and shall remain valid for a period of 60 days after opening date of the bid and during the period of any extension thereof that may be agreed upon between you and the bidder with notice to the surety, unless terminated and/or released by you.,
