1、语言类：英语笔译，英语口译，英语写作，高级英语，综合英语，英语视听说，基础英语，英语听力，英语口语，商务英语，商务英语阅读、商务沟通、商务英语写作，专业英语，英语国家概况英语笔译：Introduction to TranslationIn this unit, students are expected to learn the definition of translation; the scope of translation; translation criteria; literal translation and free translation. What Is Translati
2、on?Linguistic view on translation:Translation is “the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language). ” (Catford, 1965:20)Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalen
3、t of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida recruitment 商务英语阅读-本课程的教学目的是培养学生掌握阅读和理解商务英语文章的基本技能，获取商务信息的基本能力，为毕业后成为适应社会需要的应用型涉外商务工作者打下坚实的基础。通过学习有关的商务活动的实用语言材料，学生应熟悉主要的商务英语文章类型；高阅读商务文章的能力，懂得一般的商务表达，学会分析商务文章的特点，并懂得一些国际经济文章中常用词汇，了解国际经济的知识；能基本读懂英文原版商务教
4、科书有关章节的大意，能基本读懂主要英语报刊，杂志有关的商务活动的难度较低的报道和评论文章；能将一般性英语商务材料译成汉语，进一步提高专业基本的听、说、读、写、译的技能。Purpose of this course is to train students to master reading and understanding the basic skills of business English articles, the ability to acquire basic business information, after graduation to become to meet the
5、 social needs of application-oriented foreign business workers, and lay a solid foundation. By learning about the business activities of practical language material, students should be familiar with the main types of business English texts; to understand the expression of general business, learn to
6、analyze the characteristics of a business article, and understand some of the articles in the international economic vocabulary , understand the international knowledge economy; can basically read the original English version of the relevant sections of the business textbook. Can basically read majo
7、r English newspapers and magazines related to the business activities of reports and articles; capable of translating general business materials English into Chinese, further enhance the professional basic listening, speaking, reading, writing and translation skills.1、 美国生活方式 2、 商务习俗 3、 购物与顾客 4、 领导风
8、范 5、 生活态度 6、 网络商务 7、 银行与信贷 8、 礼仪 9、 商务职业生涯 10、 产品与促销 11、 名人 12、 美容产业 1 American way of life, 2 business practices 3, shopping and customer 4,leadership style, 5, attitudes 6,E-commerce, 7,banking and credit 8,etiquette, 9 business career 10, promotional products, 11 celebrity 12,beauty industryBusin
9、ess Communication 商务沟通课程教案Foreign Language Teaching and Research DepartmentHeilongjiang University6商务沟通-Business CommunicationThe Importance of Communication Communication skills can help you acquire a first job or a better job. On the job, poor communication skills can be harmful. Having good commu
10、nication skills can give you an edge over other job candidates.3. The Process of Communication Sender and Source（发出者和信息源）Participants in the communication process who communicate messages to an audience are called senders. Message（信息）A message is the written, oral, or nonverbal communication that se
11、nder transmits to an audience.信息一般通过符号表示。这些符号代表一定的意义，并可分为语言符号和非语言符号两大类。语言符号是代表特定事物或观点的字、词、句。除语言符号之外，非语言符号也是重要的交流方式，比如，身体语言，包括面部表情、手势、姿势、声调、外表等等。不同文化中，非语言符号涵义有所不同。比如，不直视某人在某些文化中表示对他人的尊重，而在另外一些文化中，则表示不诚实、企图隐瞒事实。 Encoding（编码）The activity of the sender choosing certain words or nonverbal methods to send
12、 an intentional message is called encoding. （编码指发出者输出信息前，选择语言和非语言信息的过程，亦即制造符号(creating symbol)的内心活动，这一过程可长可短。） Channel（渠道）Every message is transmitted through a channelthe medium through which the message sender and the message receiver communicate.Table 1-1: Three Typical Communication ChannelsTwo-
13、way, face-to-face Informal conversations, interviews, oral reports, speeches, and teleconferencesTwo-way, not-face-to-face Telephone conversations and intercompany announcementsOne-way, not-face-to-face Written documents such as letters, memos, reports, and press release prepared traditionally or se
14、nt electronically (electronic mail, facsimile, voice mail)沟通的渠道是人们表达信息的手段，是传递被编码信息的途径。信息传递的路径多种多样：可以是书面形式的，如报纸和杂志等；可以是非纸介的电子形式，如电子邮件、手机短信等；也可以通过电波、光波和声波等形式，如电话、广播、电视等；既可以是平面化的，如信札、照片等，也可以是立体的，如可视电话、网络视频等。 Receiver（接收者）Receivers are the audience to whom messages are directed. Decoding（解码）The activity
15、 of the receiver attaching meaning to the words or symbols that the sender sends is called decoding.接收者在反馈信息之前，接收发出者发出的信息并赋予意义的过程被称为解码。影响赋予符号意义的因素很多，诸如生活经验、宗教信仰、性别年龄、社会角色与文化差异等。其中又以文化差异的影响最为显著。Business Communication 商务沟通课程教案Foreign Language Teaching and Research DepartmentHeilongjiang University7 Fe
16、edback（反馈）Feedback consists of messagesverbal and nonverbalthat convey a reaction to the communicators message.正常情况下，接收者收到发出者发出的信息之后，会对信息作出反应(response)，然后向发出者回送信息，这一回复信息的过程称之为反馈。正是因为有了反馈，沟通才能显现出双向、持续的动态性特征。 Noise（干扰）It refers to all the factors that interfere with the exchange of messages.干扰是阻碍人们准确理
17、解信息的因素。干扰可以分为内部干扰(internal noise)、外部干扰(external noise) 和语义干扰 (semantic noise)。外部干扰来自于环境，可能阻碍信息的接收或理解，比如，课堂附近的建筑工地发出的各种噪音会直接影响授课、听课效果等。内部干扰出现在发出者和接收者的内心，使发出者和接收者关注的不是当前的交流而是其他事情。例如，一个学生放不下对丢失钱包的思虑，注意力根本不在课堂上，听课效果必然大打折扣。语义干扰是指所用词汇含有几种不同意义，可能会干扰接收者对信息的理解。 Context（语境）The communication context refers to
18、the situation in which communication takes place and to every factor affecting its transmission。语境是指沟通发生的场所和情景。语境可以分为物理语境(physical context)、社会语境(social context)和人际语境(interpersonal context) 。物理语境是指交际发生的真实客观环境，即交际互动是发生在室内或是室外，是公共场合还是私人聚会，周围环境喧闹还是安静，灯光明亮或是昏暗等等。社会语境是指在不同的社交场合人们对他人不同的行为期待，例如，人们在葬礼上的交际活动就
19、有别于私人聚会。人际语境也是一种沟通环境。从人际语境可以看出沟通双方之间的关系，如师生、朋友、对头、上下级等，以及不同文化背景的两者相互交流等。4. The Flow of Communication Upward Communication（向上沟通）Messages flowing from subordinates to superiors are called upward communication. Upward communication conveys four types of messages: What subordinates are doing Unsolved wo
20、rk problems Suggestions for improvement How subordinates feel about each other and the job向上沟通是指信息从较低层次向较高层次传递的过程。如下级、被管理者通过一定的渠道，与上级、管理决策层所进行的信息交流。下级、被管理者通过向上沟通可向上级管理者提供反馈、汇报各种信息，并告知当前存在的问题。上级、管理者也可通过沟通了解某些不足之处。向上沟通可采取面对面交谈、较正式的会议或情况介绍等形式，也可通过书面的形式传递。 Downward Communication（向下沟通）Downward communicat
21、ion occurs whenever superiors initiate messages to their subordinates. There are four types of downward communication: Job instructions Job rationale Procedures and practices FeedbackBusiness Communication 商务沟通课程教案Foreign Language Teaching and Research DepartmentHeilongjiang University8向下沟通是指信息从较高层次
22、向较低层次传递的过程，即信息的传递是从高级主管到中层主管，再到基层主管，最后到工作执行人员。例如，上层管理者给下属布置工作，进行工作指导，告知政策与程序等，通常采取向下沟通的模式。由于向下沟通可用来传达组织内部管理所需的规章制度、工作程序和日常信息，因而向下沟通具有权威性，可能包括下达正式的书面文件、介绍日常工作情况和布置工作或上下级之间单向的面对面交谈。 Horizontal Communication（水平沟通）Horizontal communication consists of messages between members of an organization with equa
23、l power. Horizontal communication serves five purposes: Task coordination Problem solving Sharing information Conflict resolution Building rapportBusiness Communication 商务沟通课程教案Foreign Language Teaching and Research DepartmentHeilongjiang University9向上沟通和向下沟通属于跨越不同层级的沟通，因此，可视为垂直沟通。当沟通发生在同一工作群体的成员之间，
24、同一等级的工作群体成员之间，同一等级的管理者之间以及任何等级相同的人员之间时，这种沟通模式就被称为水平沟通或横向沟通。5. Internal and External Communication Internal Communication（内部沟通）Internal communication involves communicating back and forth within the organization through such written and oral channels as memos, reports, proposals meetings, oral presen
25、tations, speeches, and person-to-person and telephone conversation. External Communication（外部沟通）External communication refers to communication with an organizations major audiencesthe general public, customers, vendors and other businesses, and government officials.6. Communication and Culture High-
26、Context Culture（高语境文化）High-context cultures prefer to use high-context messages in which most of the meaning is either implied by the physical setting or presumed to be part of the individuals internalized belief, values, and norms; very little is provided in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of
27、 the message.Communicators in these societies learn to discover meaning from the context in which a message is delivered: the nonverbal behaviors of speakers, the history of the relationship, and the general social rules that govern interaction between people. Low-Context Culture（低语境文化）Low-context c
28、ultures prefer to use low-context messages, in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code.To low-context communicators, the meaning of a statement is in the words spoken.7. Communication ChannelThe oral channel includes media such as face-to-face conversation, telephone cal
29、ls, speeches, presentations, and meetings. The most common written media are letters, memos, and reports.Oral channel also includes voice mail, audiotape and videotape, teleconferencing and videoconferencing, closed-circuit television, and many more. Written media also include e-mail, faxing, comput
30、er conferencing (with groupware), websites, instant messaging, and more.Business Communication 商务沟通课程教案Foreign Language Teaching and Research DepartmentHeilongjiang University10General Sites of Rhetorical Contrasts in Business Communication 4.1 Translation 涉外商务翻译要求信息必须准确、无误地进行传达，其遵循的翻译理论应该是美国著名翻译家尤金
31、奈达所提出的 “功能对等” (Functional Equivalence)理论。该理论强调:翻译的预期目的主要是原文和译文在信息内容、说话方式、文体、文风、语言、文化、社会因素诸方面达到对等，从而使原文读者的反应与译文读者的反应达到对等。（1）专业专业性，是商务英语的一个重要特点。商务英语的词汇具有比较明显的专业特征，其语境制约着部分词汇具有其特殊的商务语义。如，普通英语中“balance，liability，quote，draft”的通常含义分别为“平衡、责任、引用、草稿”，但在商务语境中，它们却有着特殊的含义。例如:此公司债台高筑，不得不破产了。Heavy liabilities for
32、ced the firm into bankruptcy. （二）庄重商务英语具有正式、严肃、庄重的文体特征。例如：欣寄样品一份。I have pleasure in forwarding this sample to you. 以上句中 have pleasure, forward 在各自的上下文中分别可用简单口语词汇来代替，但文体意义有所不同，原文使用了书面语言，句子更正规庄重。（三）明确普通英语常大量使用代词指代前面的名词，以避免不必要的重复。而商务英语则一反普通英语的这种一般趋势，为防止指代可能产生的模糊性，经常采用重复名词或语句的手段，以准确严密的语言结构确保商务信息传递的明确性和完
33、整性。 我方会尽快发货。We will deliver your things soon.Business Communication 商务沟通课程教案Foreign Language Teaching and Research DepartmentHeilongjiang University11The 200 cassettes you ordered on July 21st will be delivered on August 1st.（四）简洁简洁是商务英语的另一文体特征，这从其格式用语的使用即可见一斑，其格式有“if+ 形容词 (或过去分词)” 或 “as+过去分词”等用法。如“
34、if available ，if possible ，if necessary，if practicable”或“as agreed，as required” 等。 4.2 Illustrations Graphics play an important role in international communication because they convey meaning without depending on words. It is important to bear in mind that different cultures have different levels of
35、 visual literacy and often have different associations for what they see.4.3 Numbers Differences in Numerical RepresentationsCountry Sample date formats United States March 1, 2000 France 1 mars 2000 Germany (official format) 1.Marz 2000 Sweden 00-01-03 Italy (official format) 1.3.00 Country Sample
36、time formats United States 8:35 p.m. France 20:35 Germany 20:35 Quebec, Canada 20 h 35 Sweden kl20.35 Venezuela 8:35 Country Sample magnitude representations One thousand One million One billion United States 1,000 1,000,000 1,000,000,000 Germany 1.000 1.000.000 1.000.000.000 Sweden 1000 1 000 000 1
37、 000 000 000 4.4 Online Communication Avoid using acronyms unless you are sure the audience understands them. Keep in mind that the word count in one language will not be the same as the word count in another language. When designing text for a single screen, remember that what appears as a single-w
38、indow topic in one language may be boosted to multiple windows because of language inflation. Make sure that the links in your hypermedia document are understandable to the target culture. Edit the material carefully to ensure that the keywords make sense for contrasting rhetoric.5. Specific Sites o
39、f Rhetorical Contrasts in Business Communication Business Communication 商务沟通课程教案Foreign Language Teaching and Research DepartmentHeilongjiang University12As contrastive rhetoric studies the cultural influence on the second-language writing, an analysis to some specific sites of business communicatio
40、n is necessary. The following are some specific genres where the differences in culture-based rhetorical practices and expectations can cause misunderstanding and problems.Business communicators could benefit immensely from study in contrastive rhetoric. Communication in the business arena includes
41、Business Minutes， Press Release， Business Reports， Business Proposals， Business Contracts， Resumes， Application Letters， Oral Presentations and many other forms of expression where the interplay of culture and communication can create barriers to clarity.5.1 Business Correspondence Power distance： i
42、s the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally. （权力距离是指机构或组织中权利较小的成员对权利被不平等分配的接受程度。Dear Friend, Because you are one of our valued customers, wed like to extend you a special offer. Like most of us, you probably worry about
43、 money. . . .5.2 Business Report qualifiers, such as “necessarily,” “certainly,” “very likely,” “plausibly,” “maybe,” and “so far as the evidence goes.”To：Mr. Zhao Minghua，president of Beijing University From：Mr. Li HongJun，Dean of Studies.Subject： Buying computers and videotape recorders. Dear Mr.P
44、resident： Upon the request of the Equipment Division of the university，The laboratory material is so shortage that the situation have to be improved at once. In order to enhance the effect of experiments，it is hereby recommended that twenty computers and ten videotape recorders be bought and issued
45、to the laboratory. Li HongJun One thing to be improved in the future might be to develop more practical videotapes related to drug product detailings To supplement rather than general ones currently available.One thing to be considered in the future is to have if the situation allows, two visiting d
46、ays per one trainee; one at the middle of the training period and the other toward the end.6. Reform in Business Communication LearningApproach Results“how-to“ approach students move into the work world understanding how to prepare a report that follows a set rhetorical pattern appropriate for the g
47、eneric U.S. audience Intercultural approach Actually, when businessmen communicate from one culture to 史密斯先生: 我们从蒂科公司得知贵司商号与地址，特此来函，希望能同贵司发展商务关系。Business Communication 商务沟通课程教案Foreign Language Teaching and Research DepartmentHeilongjiang University13another, they should not assume they need to pull
48、out the standard formats and fill in the blanks. Instead, they should take the time to learn about the people they are communicating to and discuss with them the form that would be most useful for them. Business MeetingsThe Process of Meeting3.1 Planning a MeetingBefore you call a meeting, be sure t
49、hat one is truly needed. Perhaps you could accomplish your purpose more effectively in a memo or through individual conversations. If you do require the interaction of a group, be sure to bring the right people together in the right place for just enough time to accomplish your goals. The key to productive meetings is care
