1、1英汉插入语一、关于插入语的表意功能由于插入语表意功能十分丰富、细腻，符合口头、笔头交际的各种需要，因此其重要性是不可与“次要”同日而语的。一般而言较常见的表意功能有如下一些：(一) 表示说话者的态度或看法。 例如：1. It was late in getting to the station, but fortunately for me, the train was late too.我到站迟了，幸而火车也晚点了。2. It was his last romance. His last but one, to do him justice. (O. Wilde)这是他的最后一部传奇小说。
2、平心而论，这是他的倒数第二部。(二) 表示说话者的估计或推测。 例如：1. Perhaps he was mistaken.也许他弄错了。2. It will result in success, I suppose.我们猜想，此事会成功。(三) 表示补充说明。例如：1. This road is, I admit, very hilly。我承认此道很崎岖。2. He left there last year, that is (to say), in 1995. 他去年离开了那里，也就是说，1995 年。(四) 表示应答之声。例如：1. Ah, yes, you shouldnt have
3、helped him, shouldnt you?啊，对了，那时你本不应该帮他，不是吗？2. Oh, no, you neednt tell this to him.哎呀，不行，你不必把这件事告诉他。(五) 表示引起对方注意、 观察或思考。例如：1. New York, as you know, is situated on the Hudson River. 如你所知，纽约位于哈得逊河河畔。2. I must be off now, you see.你知道，我该动身了。(六) 表示肯定或强调。例如：1. I am not guessingI really know.我不是猜我确实知道。2.
4、Hes a teacher, to be sure. 他的确是名老师。(七) 表示材料说明。例如：1. The trees in that area, it is said, are mostly more than thirty feet tall.据说那一地区的树大都有 30 多尺高。2. Talking of ice-cream, have you ever eaten it?说到冰棋林，你可曾吃过？(八) 表示列举。例如：1. To illustrate, it is estimated that the changing of 1 gram of uranium to lead wo
5、uld supply as much as burning of 6,000 tons of coal.例如，据估计一克铀变成铅将提供燃烧 6 千吨煤所产生的能量。2. We now need two hours to think about that, say from four to six.我们现有需要用两个小时来考虑那件事，比方说从 4点到 6 点。(九) 表示顺序。例如：1. I like you to do two things. First, phone the office and tell them Ill be late. Secondly, order the taxi
6、to be here about an hour.(R. Quirk)我希望你给我做两事。第一，给办公室打电话，告诉他们我晚些时候去。第二，叫出租汽车大约一小时后到这里来。2. You should give him some help. In the first place, send her for a doctor. In the second place, send him some money.你该给他一些帮助。首先，派她去叫医生；其次，给他送些钱去。(十) 表示话题转换。例如：1. By the way, when does he come to see you?顺便问问(且说)
7、，他何时来看您？2. By the by(e), have you finished your homework?顺便问一下，你完成作业了吗？(十一) 表示增补或引申。 例如：1. He rejected my command, and what is 2more, insulted me before the whole company.他拒绝接受我的命令，而且当众侮辱我。2. The task is very difficult, besides, time presses.任务艰巨，而且时间紧迫。(十二) 表示概括或总结。 例如：1. In a word / To sum up, don
8、t get swollenheaded because of victory.总之，不要被胜利冲昏了头脑。2. Generally speaking, English is easy to learn but difficult to master.一般说来，英语易学难精。(十三) 表示转折或对立。 例如：1. Its very cold, he didnt wear his overcoat though.尽管天气很冷，他却未穿大衣。2. Why do you think we cant change your note? On the contrary, we can. (Mark Twa
9、in)你干吗认为我们无法换散你的钞票？相反，我们能把它换散。(十四) 表示让步或委婉语气。 例如：1. Anyhow, she has so far overcome all the difficulties.不管怎样，她还是克服了一切困难。2.Youll get caught in the rain, I am afraid.我觉得你会挨雨的。(十五) 表示结果或等同。 例如：1. They didnt listen to the teacher in class. As a result, they failed in this examination.他们因上课未听老师的讲，结果此次考试
10、未及格。2. My brother was taught to read by mother, and similarly, so was I.我哥是由我妈教读书的，同样地，我也是。(十六) 表示时间的过渡。 例如：Tom was now undergoing many hard-ships. His brother in the meantime was having an easy time. 汤姆正遭受着苦难。与此同时他兄弟却安闲自在。二、关于插入语的位置(一) 一般说来，插入语在句中的位置比较灵活，可置于句首或句中，也可置于句末，如下面例句中表强调、推断等的surely 就是如此：1.
11、 Surely you dont believe that!你谅必不会相信那个吧！2. You surely dont mean to be cruel. 你不致于是要做残暴的事去。3. You dont want to hurt his feelings, surely!我当然希望你不要伤他的感情。当然，并不是所有的插入语都有这三种位置。例如有的只可置于句首，有的只可置于句末，而且常用逗号将其与句子主体部分分开。例如：1. Wrong: Have you, talking of football, seen the Indian team play?Wrong: Have you seen
12、the Indian team play, talking of the football?Right: Talking of football, have you seen the Indian team play?说到足球，你看过印度足球队踢球吗？2. Wrong: He, to say nothing of English, knows French.Wrong: To say nothing of English, he knows French.Right: He knows French, to say nothing of English.他懂法语，更不用说英语了。(二) 插入语
13、也可置于两个逗号、两个破折号之间或一个破折号之后，或置于圆括或中括里，或置于冒号之后。例如：1. All of them, nevertheless, insist upon continuing the experiment.尽管如此，他们全体仍然坚持继续实验。2. If you are wrongand I am sure you are in the wrongyou must apologize. (T. Otsuka)如果你错了我相信你是错了你必须道歉。3. Miss Jane (She is Mrs John now) is here.琼斯小姐(她现在是约翰夫人) 在此。4. Th
14、ere comes a bus made in Shanghaivery beautifulfilled with many passengers.一辆上海造的公共汽车来了此车很美丽里面坐了许多乘客。35. He treated you badly: still, hes your brother and you ought to help him.(OLD)(纵然)他虐待过你，但是他是你的兄弟，你应该帮助他。(三) 也有不用任何标点符号标明插入语位置的，往往不易识别出来。例如：1. I suppose I could easily get another copy now; but it w
15、ould not be to me what that other was, with it memory of dust and oil. 我想我如今可以轻而易举地弄到另一套，但是我认为那是代替不了原来那一套的，我就会想到那风尘仆仆辛勤劳动的情景。2. Who do you think is the best singer in your class?你看你班上谁最会唱歌？三、关于插入语的表现形式插入语可由词语、短语、句子来充当。兹述如下：(一) 由词语、短语充当。主要有：1. 感叹类词语。例如：1) Time is what we want most, but, alas, many pe
16、ople use worst. (W. Penn)时间是我们最需要的东西，可是，唉，许多人使用得最糟。2) “Oh, dear me! I am sorry to hear that”, said the literary gentleman in a shocked tone“. (K. Mansfield)“啊呀！听到这个消息，我很难过”，文人很震惊地说道。注：能作插入语的感叹词语还有 Oh dear, my gracious, my goodness, eh, lord, good lord, my lord, good heavens, heaven 等。2. 形容词类词语。例如：1)
17、 True, they the cottageswere far too near.(K. Mansfield)当真的，它们这些农舍 相距太近了。2)Even more important, hes in charge of the project.尤其重要的是，他负责这项工程。3. 副词类词语。例如：1) The price is too high, and moreover, the house isnt in a suitable position.(P. Procter)价格太高，而且房子的位置不如人意。2) He said he would come, and sure enough
18、 he did come.他说他来，果然他真的来了。注：能作插入语使用的副词类词语还有 very frankly, anyhow, actually, otherwise, briefly, certainly, generally, furthermore, likewise, truly, besides, consequently, finally, however, possibly, really, seriously, wisely, probably, incidently, rather, indeed, obviously, theoretically, therefore,
19、 firstly 等。4. 动词或动词短语。例如：1) You may learn to play the piano in, say, three years.就说三年吧，你可以学会弹钢琴。2) Depend upon it, they are not bad.(H. James)的确，他们还不坏。5. 不定式短语。例如：1) To use a metaphor, the writer here close to get out of the room by the fireescape when the door was open.(H. W. Fowler)比方说，就好象房门开着，作者却
20、偏要从太平梯出去一样。2) To be sincere, you have done your best.说实在话，你已尽了自己最大努力。注：能作插入语的不定式短语还有 to be (more) exact, to be brief, to put it briefly, to be sure, to make / cut a long story short, to put it plainly, to say nothing of, to say the least (of it), to speak frankly, to put it mildly, to tell (you) the
21、 truth, to speak generally, to be precise, to sum up, to conclude, to start with, to begin with, to do one justice, to make matters worse, to be frank, to illustrate, to put it frankly, to be short, to put it in another way, to change the subject, to be fair, to wit (=namely, thats to say), to boot
22、(=wahts more)等。6. “否定词(形容词或副词)+不定式”短4语。例如：1) He had been, needless to say, a very good student.不用说，他是个成绩优异的学生。2) Imperialism is, so to speak, digging its own grave. 帝国主义可以说是在自拙坟墓。注：能作插入语的此类短语还有 so to say, not to speak of , not to say, not to mention , strange to say, curious to say, as to say (也就是说
23、)等。7. “no+名词” 短语。例如：1) John will no doubt telephone us if he comes to town. (A. Makkai)如果约翰到城里来，无疑会给我们打电话的。2) He has been ill these days, and no wonder he didnt come to school yesterday. 这些日子他病了，难怪他昨日没来上学。8. 表示顺序的词语。例如：1) The characters chiefly noted in American English by all who have discussed it
24、are, first, its general uniformity through the country; second, its impatient disregard for grammatical, (H. L. Menken)在美语中，这些文字首先引起所有那些对它进行过讨论的人注意的是，第一，全国总的一致；第二，对语法的不屑一顾2) In the first place he doesnt want to, and in the second place he cannot afford to, and in the last place he gives it up. 首先他不想
25、买，其次他买不起，最后他放弃了。9. 分词短语。例如：1) Granted that, you have made some progress, you shouldnt be conceited. 假定你取得了一些进步。2) Judging by appearances, Mr. Bowmore looked like a man prematurely wasted and worn by cares of a troubled life. (W. W. Collins) 从外表上看，鲍莫尔先生是一个由于忧虑重的生活的折磨而过早衰老的人。3) We may well be proud th
26、at vast country has, strictly speaking, only one language.(H. L. Mencken)我们很有理由自豪的是，严格说来，这么一个大国竟统一使用一种语言。注：能作插入语的分词短语还有allowing for (考虑到)，judging from , broadly speaking, comparatively speaking, generally speaking, taking everything into consideration, taking everything into account, talking of , fr
27、ankly speaking, usually speaking, putting it mildly 等。10. 含 or 的词语。例如：1) Hes twenty, more or less. 他二十左右。2) Do what I tell you, or else youll be sorry. 照我的话去做，否则你要后悔的。注：能作插入语的这类词语还有 or so, or rather, or someting, or thereabouts 等。11. 介词短语。此类短语有如下类型：1) in-phrases. 例如 In fact, I sent out a special com
28、mission to inquire into the matter privately(O. Wilde) 事实上，我们派出了一个特别委员会去秘密地调查此事， In my opinion, hes not right. 据我看，他不对。注：能作插入语的这类介词短语还有in ones view, in reality, in practice, in theory, in effect, in brief, in the point of fact, in particular, in general, in conclusion, in all probability, in the sam
29、e way, in ones turn (也),in a sense, in the contrast, in addition, in any case, in nine cases out of ten, in the meantime, in spite of that, in a consequence, in trhth 等。2) for-phrases 例如： You cant depend on her: for instance , she arrived late for an important meeting yesterday. (P. Procter)你不能相信她：比
30、如，5昨天一次重要会议她迟到了。 I didnt care much for his speech: for one thing, the subject was not particularly interesting, for another thing, his delivery was bad. 我不大喜欢他的发言：一则题目不太有趣，二则他讲得不好。注：能作插入语的这类短语还有 for example, for that matter, for the most part, for my part, for that reason, for the first time, for on
31、e (举一个例)，for better for worse, for all that 等。3) by-phrases. 例如： In science, read, by preference, the newest books; in literature, the oldest. (Bulwer-Lytton)在科学上最好是阅读那些最新的著作；在文学上则最好阅读那些最古老的著作。 This one is really cheaper by comparison. 比较起来，这个确实比较便宜。注：能作插入语的这类短语还有 by any contrivance, by / from all a
32、ccounts (据大家所说), by any means, by the way / bye 等。4) as-phrases. 例如： As a general / good rule, water consumption increases rapidly with industrial development. 水的消耗量一般随着工业的发展而迅速增长。 As a matter of fact, I was the one who broke the glass. 实际上，我就是打碎玻璃杯的那个人。注：能作插入语的这类短语还有 as a rule, as a matter of cours
33、e, as a whole, as a starter, as usual 等。5) at-phrases. 例如： Its going to be warmer tomorrowat least, so the weather forecast says. 明天天气会暖和一点无论如何，天气预报是这么说的。 His manners are cold, but he is at heart a kind man. 他的言谈举止有些冷淡，但实际上他是个好心肠的人。注：能作插入语的这类短语还有 at its starting, at bottom, at best, at worst, at any
34、 rate, at most, at first 等。6) on-phrases. 例如： He is, on the whole, a satisfactory student. 总的说来，他是个令人满意的学生。 “Are you serious?” “upon my word, I am”, exclaimed his acquaintance. (Charles Dickens)“这话当真吗？”“ 当真，我向你保证”，他的新朋友大声地说道。注：能作插入语的这类短语还有 on the other hand, on the contrary, on an average, on one si
35、de, on sbs part, either off or on (总之)， on balance (总的说来)等。7) to-phrases. 例如： To my thinking, he is of a musical turn. 照我看来，他有音乐天才。 So now, the house, to his mind, had a most pleasing and comfortable appearance.(Th. Dreiser)因此，在他看来，这座房子有一种使人愉快和舒适的外貌。注：能作插入语的这类短语还有: to my / his (ect) estimate, to a m
36、an (全体一致地), to / by / from all appearances (事实上), to my knowledge, to my way of thinking, to the best of my belief (在我看来), to the best of my recollection / memory (就我记忆所及)等。12. if-phrases. 例如：1) There are few, if any, mistakes. 几乎没有什么错误(或就是有错误也不多 )。2) She is, if anything, more rapacious than he. 要说稍
37、有区别的话，她只不过比他贪婪罢了。注：能作插入语的这类短语还有 if ever, if possible, if necessary, if at all 等。13. 其他类词语。例如：1) All in all, the pilot of an airplane must have many abilities and years of experience before he can be appointed. (A. Makkai)总之，驾驶员在任职以前必须具备各种能力和多年经验。2) I know I was in love, from the very first. 我从一开始就知道
38、自己在恋爱了。6注：其他词语还有 first and foremost(首先), above all (尤其重要的是), first of all 等。(二) 由分句、从句或 简单句充当。 主要有：1. “I(you)+V.”型。例如：1) Whatever you and Mrs Forester fix upon, will be quite right, I am sure. (E. C. Gaskell) 我相信，凡是你和福雷斯特夫人所决定的都错不了。2) My conduct may, I fear, be objectionable. (J Austen)我惟恐我的举止也 要不得的
39、。注：能作插入语的这类简单句有 I admit, I discover, I imagine, I hope, I remember, I suppose, I believe, you know, you see, I say, you guess, I consider, I doubt, I daresay 等。此类简单句置于特殊问句中时，初学者往往难以识别出来。例如：a. How much do you guess that vase costs? 你猜那只花瓶要花多少钱？b. How many passengers do you suppose the boat takes ? 你看
40、那只小船可载多少乘客？c. What was the correct number did you say ? (插入句也可置于句末)2. “as+I(you, we, etc)+V”型。例如：1) As it happened, I had not money enough with me, but sufficient at home. (G. Gissing) 碰巧(恰好)，我身上未带足够的钱，可家里就多了。2) A compound, as we know it, results from the chemical union of two or more elements. 就我们所
41、知，化合物是由两个或两个以上的元素化合(而)成的。注：能作插入语的这类从句有 as I / you can see, as we have been saying, as anybody can see, as I take it, as matters stand, as luck would have it, as fate would have it, as it would happen, as I see it, as dictionaries (etc) go 等。 3. “it + modal-V”型。例如：1) The work, it must be stressed, mu
42、st be finished ahead of time / schedule. 必须强调的是，此项工作必须提前完成。2) It is a good place, it should be said, that you can live in. 应该说，这是你安居的一个地方。4. “as it (etc) be“ 型。例如：1) As things now are, we cant put the plan into practice. 照目前情况，我们还不能将计划付诸实施。2) As it is, we need to improve our teaching method right no
43、w. 事实上，我们需要马上改进教学方法。3) He is my best friend, my second half, as it were. 他是我最好的朋友，可以说是第二个自己。5. “it be+ adj, etc”型。例如：1) Miss Matty did grudge burning these letters, it is evident. (E. C. Gaskell)显然，马蒂小姐很不愿意烧这些信。2) They, it is said, have learned three foreign languages. 据说他们学会了三门外语。6. “and what+ link
44、-v/V+”型。例如：1) His mother was ill, and what makes the matter worse, he himself was dismissed.他母亲害了病，使事情更糟糕的是连他自己也丢了饭碗。2) He didnt tell the news to me, and what is worse, he told lies. 他没有把消息告诉我，更糟糕的是，他说了谎。注：能作插入语的这类分句还有 and what is more important, and what is better, and what is more, and what is rarer 等。
