1、定语从句知识点讲解一一、定语从句的概念 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。二、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括 that， which， who（宾格 whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括 where， when， why 等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。三、定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性
2、定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。四、关系代词的用法1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。 （that 作主语）The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。 （that 作宾语）2.which 用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：The building which stands nea
3、r the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。 （作主语）The film （which ） we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。 （作宾语）3.who， whom 用于指人，who 用作主语，whom 用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用 who 代替 whom， 也可省略。例如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）Who is the tea
4、cher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？ 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who， that， which 可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例
5、如：This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。（4）关系词只能用 that 的情况：a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用 that，而不用which.例如：He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。b.被修饰的先
6、行词为 all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one 等不定代词时，只能用 that，而不用 which.例如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？c.先行词被 the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用 that，而不用 which.例如：This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。d. 先行词里同时含
7、有人或物时，只能用 that， 而不用 which.例如：I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。e.以 who 或 which 引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用 that.例如：Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？f.主句是 there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用 that，而不用 which.例如：There is a book on the desk that belongs
8、to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。（5）关系词只能用 which，而不用 that 的情况：a.先行词为 that， those 时，用 which， 而不用 that.例如：Whats that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用 which，而不用 that.例如：This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。c.引导非限制性定语从句，用 which， 而不用 that.例如：Tom came back， which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很
9、高兴。五、关系副词的用法（1）when 指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。（2）where 指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：This is the place where he works.这是他工作的地点。（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。六限制性定语从句1. 限制性定语是指定语从句紧跟它所修饰的中心名词或代
10、词之后，没有逗号分开。2. 引导词：分为关系代词和关系副词。（1） 关系代词引导的定语从句：that:指代人、事物，作主语、宾语，做宾语时可以省略who:指代人，做主语whom:指代人，做宾语，可以省略。它在口语和非正式用语中常用 who 代替，可以省略The man whowhom you met just now is my brother.which:指代事物，做主语、宾语。做宾语可以省略whose:指代人、物，做定语，其后直接加名词He has a friend whose father is a doctor.The classroom whose door is broken wi
11、ll soon be repaired.指物时常用以下结构代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired（2） 关系副词引导的定语从句：where：指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语Shai hai is the city where I was bornThe house where I live ten years ago has been pulled downwhen: 指时间，在定语从句中
12、做时间状语I still remember the day when I first came to the schoolwhy: 指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane注意:关系副词引导的定语从句都可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来代替Shai hai is the city wherein which I was bornI still remember the day whenon which I first came to the schoolPlease tell me the reas
13、on why for which you missed the plane3. 注意(1) 限制性定语从句中只能用 that 的几种情况：A 当先行词是 anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代词时，或者是由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等代词修饰时 ，要用 thatHave you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?There seems to be nothing
14、that seems impossible for him in the world.All that can be done has been done. B 当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰,如：firstlastnext 等 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. C 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film that I have seen. D 当形容词被 the very, the only 修饰时 This is the very dictionary
15、that I want to buy, After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. E 当先行词前面有 who, which 等疑问代词时 Who is the man that is standing there? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? F 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时 Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?(3) 以 the wa
16、y 为先行词的定语从句通常由 in which, that 引导，而且通常可以省略。 The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising练习1. All these activities can serve as a platform _ you might find the one you love. A. which B. that C. where D. when2. As a teacher, I seldom give my students so difficult a problem _ they c
17、annot work out. A. that B. if C. in order that D. as3.Are you going somewhere during the winter vacation?Yes, Ive found a nice beach _ I can enjoy swimming even in February. A. that B. when C. where D. which4. In the end, it was Becky _ he turned for a gentle word and a smile. A. on whom B. in whom
18、C. to whom D. for whom5. In Western culture, 21 was the age _ young people traditionally received a key to their parents door, as a symbol of entering adulthood. A. in which B. on which C. at which D. to which6. The knee is the joint _ the high bone meets the large bone of the lower leg. A. when B.
19、where C. which D. that7. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _ they can be controlled on purpose. A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which8. I dont like the way _ he often uses to speak to me. A. in which B. how C. which D. what9. The officials have indicate
20、d that a new building will be built in 2010 _ can house another l, 000 students. A. when B. what C. which D. where10.“Simpler”books are the foundation _ students build a lifelong habit of reading and further the actual skill of reading for longer and stronger periods of time. A. which B. upon which
21、C. for which D. in which七非限定性定语从句非限制性定语从句只是对主句内容，或先行词的补充、解释或附加说明。主句与先行词或从句之间一般用逗号分开，常常单独翻译。没有它，主句意思仍然完整。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有 as，which，who， whom， whose 等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。关系副词有 when，where 等，作定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省。 1. which 引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分，that 不能用于引导非限制性定语从句 例如: Her house,which wa
22、s built a hundred years ago,stood still in the earthquake.(那座房子在地震中依然耸立，它是一百多年前建造的。) 2. 有时 as 也可用作关系代词 3. 在非限定性定语从句中，用 who, whom 代表人，用 which 代表事物。 4.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。 例如 Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought
23、last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 5.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数， 例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 6as 引导非限制性定语从句时，可以代主句的全部或部分内容。常表说话人关于说话的依据、态度、评论、看法等。有“正如、像”等意思。定语从句可以置主句句首、句中或句末。as 后常接expect，know ， rep
24、ort，say，see 等动词的主、被动语态句。 egMike，as we expected，attended the meeting像我们所期望的那样，迈克参加了会议。 egHe wasnt unconsicious，as could be judged from his eyes他并未失去知觉，这从他的眼神可以判断出来。 7.which 引导非限制性定语从句的情况很多。 I指代主句的全部或部分内容时，常表事实、状态、起因等，有“这就使得、这一点” 等意思，常置主句末。主句与定语从句用逗号分开。 II指代先行词有多种情况。定语从句置先行词后面。(1)在“npron num prep whic
25、h”， “prepwhich”定语从句里。 1）They talked about a movie，the name of which Ive never forgotten他们谈论过一部电影，我决不会忘记片名。 2）China has thousands of islands，the largest of which is Taiwan中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。 3）Chaplin went to the states in 1910，by which time he had learnt to dance and act in comedies卓别林 1910 年去了美国，那时
26、他已学会跳舞和演喜剧了。 (2)表唯一性，或者就是指代先行词的事物时。 The dam，which is the biggest in the world，is 3，830 metres long大坝长 3，830 米，是世界上最大的坝。(3)先行词是独一无二的事物时。The moon，which doesnt give out light itself，is only a satellite of the earth月球本身不发光，它只是地球的一个卫星。(4)先行词表示类属的事物时。Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all
27、 over the world足球是一项非常有趣的运动，全世界都踢足球.(5)先行词是专有名词时。 1）Three of the biggest man-made projects in the world are the Great Wall of China，the Pyramids of Egypt and the Aswan High Dam， which is also in Egypt世界上最大的三项人造工程是中国的长城，埃及的金字塔和阿斯旺高坝，它也在埃及。 2）The Nile，which used to flood every year，now runs more regul
28、arly below the dam尼罗河年年涨洪水，现在比较正常地在大坝下面流过了。(6)先行词是表人的职业、品质、身份等名词，作定语从句的表语时。主句和定语从句之间含有对比的意思。Mikes brother is a policeman， which he isnt迈克的哥哥是警察，他可不是。(7)先行词是形容词作定语从句的表语时。主句和定语从句含有对比的意思。 Li Ling is very clever，which Li Long isnt李玲很聪明，李珑可不是。 (8)先行词是集体名词表整体意思时。My family，which has 35 people，is a large on
29、e我家有 35 口人，是一个大家庭。(9)先行词是国家名词表地域概念时。Last year he went to Egypt，which is in Africa他去年去了埃及，埃及在非洲。 三、as，which 是指代主句内容的非限制性定语从句时，表依据、评论与表事实、状态等没有多大差别，又在主句末时，有时可以通用。 1He is quite pleased，as which can be seen from his face他非常高兴，从他的表情可以看出来。 2You always work hard，as which everyone knows大家都知道，你一向勤奋学习。 但是，上面两
30、句把定语从句置主句句首时，就只能用 as。 3This elephant is like a snake，as anybody can see像任何人都能看见那样，这头象像条蛇。 4Bamboo is hollow，which makes it very light竹子是空的，这就使得它很轻。 在否定意义的非限制性定语从句里，一般用 which 引导。 5He came to my birthday party ，which I didnt expect at all我完全没有想到，他来参加我的生日聚会了。 4、who，whom，whose 等引导非限制性定语从句时，指代人的普通名词、专有名词
31、等。表示正是或专指先行词等情况。在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。 1Bobs father，who worked on the project，spent four years in Egypt鲍勃的父亲从事这项工程，在埃及度过了四年。 2Dad，this is Zheng Jie，who I knew in Paris爸，这是郑杰，我在巴黎认识的。 这一句是用主格 who代替宾格 whom。 3His mother ，whom he loved dearly， died in 1818他非常爱戴他的母亲，她死于 1818 年。 4Mr King，whose legs were badly
32、hurt， was quickly taken to hospital金先生的腿受了重伤，他很快就被送去住院了。 npronnum prepwhom ；prep whom；in whose n ；the nof whom等引导非限制性的定语从句。 5He spoke of a pen-pal，the name of whom whose name Ive never forgotten他提到过一个笔友，他的名字我从未忘记。 6About 2，000people，many of whom were Europeans，worked on the project大约两千人从事过这项工程，其中很多是
33、欧洲人。 7In his office there are nine clerks，the youngest of whom is Mr Liu他办公室有 9 个职员，其中最年轻的是刘先生。 8I decided to write about Chaplin，one of whose films I had seen several years before我决定写有关卓别林的文章，他的一部电影我几年前就看过了。 9We went to hear this famous singer， about whom we had heard many stories我们去听这个著名的歌唱家演唱。我们已
34、经听说了有关他的很多故事。 10Mr Pattis，in whose office Ms King was working，was very surprised when he found out her secret金女士在帕蒂思办公室工作。他发现她的秘密时感到非常惊奇。 五、when，where 引导非限制性定语从句时，作定语从句的状语。when and then， where and there。why 不引导非限制性定语从句。 1He was quickly taken to hospital，where a doctor wanted to examine Mr Kings legs
35、金先生很快被送去住院，在那里一个医生要检查他的腿。 2We will put off the outing until next week，when we wont be so busy我们把郊游推迟到下个星期，当我们不忙的时候。 3He went to America in 1912，where and when he was noticed by an important film director他在 1912 年去了美国，在那里当时的他引起了一个重要电影导演的注意。 在 prepwhere when 非限制性定语从句里，where there ， when then。 4His hea
36、d soon appeared out of the second storey windows，from where he could see nothing but trees他的头很快从第二层楼的一个窗户伸出来了，从那里他只能看见树木。 5That was in 1929，since when things have been better 那是在 1929 年，从那时起情况就已经好转了。 6I went to bed at ten，before when I was reading for an hour我 10 点去睡觉，在那时以前我看了 1 小时的书。有时候 where when
37、可以用 prepwhich 替换。 7The southern states wanted to set up a country of their own，where they would be free to keep black slaves南方各州要建立一个属于他们自己的国家，在那里他们将自由地保留黑人奴隶。 8I still remembered January 10，on which when he came to see me我仍然记得 1 月 10 日，他来看我的那一天。值得注意的是，不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句，这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语
38、从句时，如果先行词指人，则用 who ， which 或 whose 引导非限制性定语从句；先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句；先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时，可用 when ， where 引导非限制性定语从句。七、限制性和非限制性定语从句定语从句有限制性和非限制性定语从句两种。一般地说，限制性定语从句用来限制先行词的意义，与先行词关系密切，是整个句子不可缺少的一部分，否则会造成全句意义不明确。而非限制性定语从句带有补充说明的性质，与先行词之间存在一种松散的修饰关系，去掉后一般不会影响句子的主要意义。概括起来，两者有如下区别： 1）形式不同：限制性定语从句常
39、紧跟其先行词，中间不用逗号隔开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号隔开。 After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child. 在巴黎生活了 50 年后，他回到了小时候生活过的那个小镇。 2）意义不同 ：请比较下面两个句子： My brother who is 18 years old is a college student. 我 18 岁的那个弟弟是大学生。 My brother, who is 18 years old, is a colleg
40、e student. 我弟弟是大学生,今年 18 岁。 第一句中，限制性定语从句限制了先行词的意义，明确是 18 岁的那个弟弟（而不是其他的，即有可能还有几个弟弟） 。第二句使用了非限制性定语从句，表明可能只有一个弟弟，18 岁，起补充说明作用。另外，如果先行词是专有名词或独一无二的人或物，通常用非限制性定语从句。 His mother, who loved him very much, died in 1818. 最爱他的母亲于 1818 年去世了。 I like to chat with Jack, who is a clever boy. 我喜欢和杰克聊天，他是个聪明人。 When he
41、 was 17, he went to a technical school in Zurich, Switzerland, where he studied maths and physics. 17 岁那年，他到瑞士的苏黎士一家技校上学，在那儿他学习了数学和物理。 3）先行词不同：限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词除名词或代词外，还可以是整个主句（此时，常用 which 或 as 引导从句） 。 All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需要的只是一些油而已。 Carol said the work would be d
42、one by October, which personally I doubted very much. 凯罗尔说工作可在 10 月前完工，这一点我个人深感怀疑。 As has been announced, we shall have our final exams next week. (2003 上海春) 我们将于下周举行期末考试，这一点刚才已经宣布了。 句中 as 是关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，指代后面整个主句的内容。 4）引导词不同：限制性定语从句的引导词可用关系代词 that, which, who( whom, whose), as 和关系副词 when, where, w
43、hy；除 that 和 why 外，其它的关系代词、关系副词均可引导非限制性定语从句。 He is the only one of the students who / that has been a winner of scholarship for three years. (NMET 2000 春) 他在这些学生中是唯一连续 3 年获得奖学金的一个。 She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. (MET 1991) 她听到一个可怕的声音，差点儿把胆都给吓破了。 （句中 which 不可用 that
44、 代替） The famous basketball star, who tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. (2002 春季) 那个篮球明星试图复出江湖，吸引了众人的注意。 （句中 who 不可用 that 代替） 5）引导词省略情况不同：众所周知，在限制性定语从句中，关系代词如果充当从句的宾语可以省略；而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词是不能省略的。 Is this the book (that / which) you are looking for? 这就是你要找的那本书吗？（关系代词 that / which 充
45、当从句的宾语，可以省略） The result of the experiment was very good, which we hadnt expected. 实验的结果非常好，这简直出乎我们的意料。( 关系代词 which 在从句中充当 expect 的宾语，但因为引导的是非限制性定语从句，所以不能省略) 6）译法不同：把句子翻译成汉语时，限制性定语从句中，通常先译从句后译先行词；而非限制性定语从句中则往往相反。 We are living in an age when many things are done on computer. 我们生活在一个许多工作都由电脑来完成的时代。 We
46、 will be shown around the city: school, museums and some other places, where other visitors seldom go. 我们将被带去参观全市各地：包括学校、博物馆和其它场所，那些其它游客很少去的地方。 非限制性定语从句易错题1. 引导限制性定语从句时，关系代词 which 可以与 that 互换；但引导非限制性定语从句时，只能用 which。例 1She heard a terrible noise, _ frightened her.A. that B. which C. what D. who例 2 Sh
47、e heard a terrible noise，_ frightened her.A. that B. / C. what D. who解析： 例 1 意为：“她听到一个可怕的声音，这使她感到恐惧。 ”that 不能用于引导非限制性定语从句，故选B。例 2 意为：“ 她听到了一个使她恐惧的可怕声音。 ”引导修饰 noise 的限制性定语从句可以用 which 或 that 来引导,故选 A。2. 先行词为 reason 时，限制性定语可以用 why 或 for which 来引导；非限制性定语从句则只能用 for which来引导。例 3I had told them the reason,
48、 _ I didnt attend the meeting.A. for which B. at which C. for whom D. why例 4I had told them the reason _ I didnt attend the meeting.A. when B. which C. why D. for that解析： 例 3 意为：“ 我早已把理由告诉他们，于是我没有出席会议。 ”先行词为 reason 时，非限制性定语从句应用 for which 引导，故选 A。例 4 意为：“我已经把为什么没有出席会议的原因告诉他们。 ”the reason why.是常见搭配，答案
49、为 C。3. 引导限制性定语从句的关系代词在从句中担任宾语时可以被省略；但引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词即使作宾语也不能省略。例 5He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother,_ he loved and respected as his own mother.A. as B. which C. / D. whom解析： 本句意为：“他急于去医院看望他的继母，他像对待亲生母亲一样孝敬她。 ”关系代词 whom 引导非限制性定语从句并作宾语，不能被省略，故选 D。4引导限制性定语从句时并作从句宾语的关系代词 whom 可以用 who 来代替；但在非限制性定语从句中，whom 就不能
