1、1.rigid/ stiff/ unchanged/ little change 僵硬的，一成不变的2.significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/crucial/ 巨大的,明显的，程度大的/substantial3.approximately 将近-nearly, almost4.proportion/ percentage 比例5.be involved (in)/ involve in/ involvement n. 涉及，卷入，参与6.given/ considering , in regard to
2、/ despite/ although 有鉴于考虑到，尽管6.induce v 引入，引导，引诱/ inductive n 归纳 generate 生产，制造/ degrade -grade 等级/ deteriorate 恶化，每况愈下41. 分类：category-categorize/ class-classify 42. consequence 后果-影响/ subsequence 紧跟其后/ sequence=order 秩序/ frequency 频率43.clash 冲突（民族，种族）/crash 飞机坠毁44. substitution= substitute sth for
3、sb /replace45.alternative= 选择性，代替性，辅助性46.孤立：isolate/ alienate/insulate 隔绝， 排外，孤立-be alien to/insulate (-ior) 绝缘，隔热（体）47缺点，不足之处：defect/ flaw/ failing/ disadvantage /drawback48.创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive (-tion)/ innovative (-tion)/ creative (-tion)/ ingenious (ity)/novel (-ty)=n/creative/revolutionary
4、 易错拼写：environment/ convenient 49neutral 中立的，中性的 /negative 否定，消极，阴性的 /positive 肯定，积极，阳性的50ambiguous-ambiguity 模棱两可的，暧昧的/municate 沟通，传达，通报52.accommodate 1 供.食宿， 2=adapt to 适应，调整，3=hold 容纳，4 使停靠mitment 1 to sth 奉献 2 责任, 义务54contribute to 导致 result in /account for (占据)导致54.缺乏的，不足的：inadequate/ insufficie
5、nt/ deficient/lack (of)/ short (of)55.强调：emphasize/ stress/ highlight/ focus on/ concentrate on明显的：apparently 显而易见的/patently 道貌岸然的/ obviously=evidently56.对怀疑：(be) /skeptical/skeptical /dubious/ suspicious (about/of)57.缺点，缺陷：drawback/ fault/ defect/ imperfection/ failing/ weakness/ shortcoming/ flaw5
6、8.臭命昭著的：notorious-notoriety/ flagrant/ smelly/ odorous59.机构，组织：association/ structure /organization60.超过：exceed/ surpass 61.岩浆：molten rock/ lava/ magma 62.语言：linguist 学家/ lingual 和 有关的/ bilingual/ 双语 63.多种多样的：diversity/ variety/ breed/ species breed：n品种，v繁殖，培养，引起，造成64.dialect 方言 accent 腔调65.开始的，初步的：
7、begin/ launch/ initial (-ly) v 首字母，开始的/ initiate 开始，发动-initiative 原创性= origin 66.贫穷：poor/ in poverty/ impoverished（ 被剥夺财产的）67.杰出：eminence (-t)/ prominence (-t)/unusual68.gene/ genetic defect 缺陷/ anatomy 解剖/ conceive 构思，怀孕/ deliver 分娩69.辅助性：alternative 补充性/ therapist70.演绎，推理：deduce-deductive / infere
8、ntial induction 归纳71.令人困惑的：bewildering/ puzzling/ perplexing72.apply：紧靠，涂，将应用于，适用，专心致力于，献身于73.subsidize 辅助 / subsidy 补助，补贴/ subsidiary74.a factor in sth/ depend on sth 75.be preferred by/ choice 76.attitude to/ how77.the present century/ modern society78.broad/ great 79.in term of 按照，在方面，关于/with reg
9、ard to, in spite of 不顾，尽管80. small-scale 小范围/ marginal 边缘处的81. physical/ medical 82.negotiation/ agreement 谈判，洽谈/ 商定，协议83.evolve/ develop 84.apartment/ accommodation 公寓/ 住房85.virtual (love)/ simulate 模拟的（网恋）/ 模拟86.catastrophe/ disaster 大灾难/ 灾难，不幸87.innovate/ invent 革新，创新/ 发明，创造sculpture/ craft 雕刻，雕塑
10、/ 工艺88.exorbitant/ expensive 过度的，极高的/ 费用大的，昂贵的89. be participant in/ take part in /participate in 90.labour 美，澳/work91.attend to/ take care of 92.dual employment/ dual-worker 双职工（家庭）93.indicate/ predict 指示，表明，象征/ 预料，预言A major contributor to/ be central to 来源，起点/ 是的主要，中心原因94.expert/ therapist 专家，能手；知
11、识丰富的/ 某个专科的专家95.lead to/ be associated with 相联系（带来的好处）96.balanced/ equitable 平等的97.handicap/ disabled/primitive 残疾的，落后的98. could not-and cannot/ has always been unable to by/ from99.benefit/ advantage 100.substantial influence/ greater likelihood 101.agree on/ define102.considered desirable/ effecti
12、veness 103.masquerade/ (in) disguise 伪装104.insignificant/ didnt seriously 不重要/ 不严重的105.inspect/ examine 审核,检查106caliber/ criterion 标准107no-one know存在148.almost/ approximately 149.be out of date/ be developed 150.solve/ reduce 减少151.famous/ eminent 152.barrier/ hurdle153.higher position/ top post154.
13、Advantage: virtue,merit,benefit, positive aspect, strength, 好处 ,优点,长处155.Disadvantage: weakness, failing, weakness,defect,drawback, negative aspect, fault 不利,缺点,缺陷156.Casual: arbitrary, unplanned, unexpected, 随意的157.Effective: efficient, effectual, fruitful, productive, valid 多效的158.Criticize: repro
14、ach, blame, 批评159.Flaw: weakness, defect 缺点160.Ability; capability, power, caliber 能力161.Dishonest: deceptive 不诚实的162.Fair: equitable, equal, impartial, 公平的163.Success: achievement, feat 成功164.Reason: factor, contributor, origin, 原因165.Result: outcome, consequence, implication 结果166.Result from: ari
15、se from, originate from, be due to, thanks to, 由于，因为167.Give rise to: contribute to, lead to, result in, cause, breed, create, incur 导致168.Disaster: catastrophe 灾难169.Pollute: contaminate 污染170.Poisonous: toxic 有毒的171.Decrease; fall, drop, plunge, decline, step back, downward, minimize, abate 下降172.
16、Increase: rise, go up, surge, grow, 上升173.Growing: increasing, rising, 上升的剑桥四阅读考点替换词 名词：1. the destruction of rainforests （原文） -the loss of the rainforests2. rainforest conservation( 原文 )the rainforests to be protected3. the geographical locationwhere the rainforests were4. courtship ritualmating5.
17、feedingeating6. young peopleteens7. high standinghigh opinion8. take coursesretrain9. domestic buildingdwellings10. economic progresseconomic growth形容词：1 Rudimentaryunderdeveloped2 Well-developedbest developed3. Surprisedtaken aback4. be loath to/be conservative about be reluctant to4. chroniclong-t
18、erm5. Awarenessconscious6. basic-fundamental动词：1 Resemblemake similar choices/look like2. choose entrepreneurshipset up their own business3.make unbiased statementscomment objectively on4.deal only withfocus on5.be derived frombe gained from6.break recordsset new prehendexplain8.be broken downbe sub
19、divided9.predictestimate10.the elderlyelderly people副词： With tremendous forceviolentlyAB 相关替换1 media coverageNewspaper and television2 A curve inside the circlea symbol3 Government policygovernment initiative4 A growing interest in cultural identityincreasing appreciation5 Bilingualismmore than one
20、language6 Facial expressionbody language7 Nutrimentdiet8 Pots, tools and weaponsobjects关系替换：1 People can learn- it can teach people2 A depends on BB affect A剑桥雅思真题 456 中的替换关系 Recognize = identify Ethical=Moral plenty of=Considerable=significant amount of Almost certainly=little doubt Modification=ch
21、ange=alteration=adjust Better=Improve（方向词） Live=residence=inhabitant first=initial=primary Important=worthy trying=significant=essential People=mortal=human=mankind Reflect=feature=represent Legitimate= have right to long term=chronic Interest （for borrowing）=slightly more money Feasible=practical S
22、usceptible =allergic predisposed vulnerable mistaken=misconception =confusion=misunderstanding have yet to determine =yet not known release stress/tension= (psychic tension is) punctured= Diversity=variety accompanying=with Aesthetic=beautiful Rigid = not yieldingfocus on=emphasize=narrow down雅思高频同义
23、词 artificialsynthetic, fabricated, contrived, fake, mock, bogus, counterfeit, pseudoconventionaltraditional, historical, past; accepted, common, regular, routine, mainstream, ordinarydemandrequest, claim, need, order, require, call fordeclinedecrease, degeneration, drop, fall, recession, depression,
24、 reduction, slump, worseningdevelopevolve, advance, grow, improve, progress, flourishdifficultyhandicap, hardship, adversity, challenge, complication, dilemma, perplexity, plight, troubleearlyfirst, old, ancient, primitive, previous, former, remotefinddiscover, come across, encounter, hit on, expose
25、, notice, note, observe, recognize, spot, uncoverfuturewhats next, prospect, approaching, expected, destined, forthcominghowdescribe, operate, explain, clarify, demonstrate, eludicate, expound, illustrate, interpret, account forinevitableunavoidable, certain, destined, fated, inescapable, suremilita
26、ntarmed, belligerent, army, weapon, warlikeobjectioncommercial challenge, complaint, disapproval, opposition, protest, query, question, remonstrationobstaclebar, barricade, barrier, block, blockage, check, obstruction, problem, snag, hurdleprevalentcommon, usual, prevailing, widespread, systematic,
27、collective, general, popularreducecurtail, cut, decrease, halve, impair, lessen, moderate, trim, slashrolefunction (provide, support, weaken, smooth, solve), job, position, duty, post, task, contributionrecentmodern, current, now, nowadays, today, contemporaneous, new, novel, present, up-to-datesimu
28、latevirtual, create, reproduce, pretend, imitatesignificanceimportance, milestone, impact, justification, gist, implication, point, purport, vital business, economic, financial, mercantile, profitable, pecuniaryworldwideinternational, cosmopolitan, global, universal, ubiquitous, widespread, around t
29、he world解决：solve, resolve, deal with, cope with, handle, tackle消除：get rid of, eradicate, eliminate依赖：rely on, depend on, count on十分：very much, immensely, hugely, largely, greatly, enormously, tremendously损害：damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair给予：give, offer, render, impart, provide发展：develop, cultivat
30、e, foster优势：advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength缺陷：disadvantage, detect, demerit, drawback, downside, 雅思剑桥 5 阅读替换词AB 相似替换: 同义词 Time limitdeadlineConfer sth. Onbring sth. ToBe associated withestablishment/be linked toBuilt-inbiologicalExpectpredictHelphave a positive effect onAdvantage
31、ous traitpositive survival mechanismGet worsetake a pessimistic viewSlow downrestrictProvide what wantsmeet s expectationUrgentmost pressingWhen heatedunder heatThe firstin originExtractremoveDubconsiderBe punctured byrelease of nervous energy“ah ,ah” noiseparticular noisedemandingmore difficultoutl
32、ooksubjective viewhowworksthe operation ofrevolution-developmentAB 关系替换：Sth. Prevail upon King George III to be granted sth. By the king剑 5 第一套Passage 1 第二段compile v.编辑，编纂write compile composeconcentrate v.集中，关注pay attention concentrate concentration keep your mind on keep your eyes on take notice/n
33、ote attentive attention spanconvey v.传达，传递express convey communicate say get something over put something into words/find the words to say第三段define v.定义meaning sense significance definition connotation definecircumscribe v.限制，约束To limit power, rights, or abilities = restrict:conquer v.征服defeat overw
34、helm annihilate rout bring somebody to their knees conquerhold back stifle suppress overcome/conquer第五段station v.驻扎，静坐send pack off dispatch/despatch send in send out be posted be stationed第六段file v.把文件或资料归档keep store keep something on file file keep a record/keep recordsrival v.对抗，与抗衡competitor riv
35、al the competition第八段ascertain v.确定check check out make sure/make certain double-check verify confirm ascertainPassage 2 第一段obey v.遵守，遵从obey comply with abide by keep to stick to the rules conform to observe respect toe the line go by the book/do something by the book第二段administer v.控制，施加To manage t
36、he work or money of a company or organizationsimulate v.模拟To make or produce something that is not real but has the appearance or feeling of beingrealemit v.释放出，发出的声音send out give out give off emit radiate cast/throwmake a sound/make a noise go with go off emit let outwrithe v.因剧痛而蠕动，扭动身体fidget can“
37、t keep still squirm wriggle writhe twitchdenounce v.谴责，指责voice/express/show etc your disapproval condemn denounce deplore第三段unfold v.展开open unwrap unfold unrollpose v.带来，提出askbalk v.畏缩不前，犹豫To not want to do or try something, because it seems difficult, unpleasant, or frighteningquestion v.质疑question
38、 interrogate cross-examine carry out door-to-door inquiries be helping police with their inquiries第四段anticipate v.预测expect think anticipate第五段fluster v.使不安，使紧张，使困惑To make someone nervous and confused by making them hurry or interrupting them:第六段discharge v.放电，释放If a piece of electrical equipment dis
39、charges, or if it is discharged, it sends out electricityevolve v.演变，进化develop evolve第七段evoke v.引发，引起remind somebody of make somebody think of bring/call to mind be a reminder bring back memories/take somebody back evoke evocative come flooding back第八段merge v.合并，混合combine be a mixture of something a
40、nd something bring together blend mingle mergeunite team up get together combine join forces come together amalgamate mergesurrender v.投降，放弃admit/accept defeat give in surrender concede第九段forgo v.放弃do without/go without deny yourself abstain forgodictate v.听写，控制，指挥tell order ask somebody to do somet
41、hing demand insist dictateelucidate v.阐明，说明，解释To explain something that is difficult to understand by providing more informationPassage 3第二段starve v.使挨饿starving starve hungry not get enough to eat half-starved underfed malnourishedexaggerate v.夸大,夸张exaggerate blow something (up) out of all proportio
42、n make too much of overrated overemphasize overstate be melodramatic lay it onassociate v.与相连link associate make a connection establish a linkbe connected/be related be linked associated have/be something to do with be bound up with something/go hand in handcure v.治愈cure remedy antidoterestrict v.限制
43、，约束limit restrict set/impose/put a limit keep to/keep within confine fixaccelerate v.加速，加快go faster speed up pick up/gather speed accelerate quicken your pace gain/gather momentum第三段nurture v.培育，形成nurture fosterdecline v.下降go down/come down fall/drop decrease decline reduction cut plummet/plunge tap
44、er off dwindle slide take a nosedive第五段overstate v.夸大exaggerate blow something (up) out of all proportion make too much of overrated overemphasize overstate be melodramatic lay it on第六段apply v.适用，应用apply claim request approach put in for applicant claimantoppose v.反对be against/be opposed to oppose n
45、ot agree with something not believe in something anti- hostile antagonistic第七段melt v.融化melt dissolve thaw melt down molten condense solublediminish v.消失，减少To become or make something become smaller or less = reduce:第十段experience v.经历happen to experience go through live through knowpostpone v.推延，延迟po
46、stpone put off delay be pushed/moved/put back put something on ice/put something on the back burner procrastinate第十一段buy v.买，争取（时间）buy get purchase snap up pick up splash out on acquireavoid v.避免avoid stay away/keep away steer clear of make a detour剑 5 第二套Passage 1 第一段patent v.申请专利To obtain a specia
47、l document giving you the right to make or sell a new invention or product第二段mould v.铸造，塑造form mould shapeengineer v.设计，加工orchestrate stage-manage engineer contriverevert v.返回start again go back to/revert to slip back into第四段abandon v.放弃，抛弃give up quit abandon drop leave it at thatamass v.累计，积累accumulate amass gainmanufacture v.制造make produce manufacture mass-produce churn out/turn out create fashion build construct asse
