1、1Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar1. Onomatopoeia（拟声法）: is the formation of words in imitation or the sounds associated with the thing concerned.e.g. 1) Little monkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1) 2) the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9)2. Metapho
2、r（隐喻）: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using “as” or “like”.e.g. 1) the heat and glare of a big open square (Para. 1)2)until you rounded a corner and see a fairlyland of dancing flashes.3)in the maze of vaulted streets which honeyc
3、omb this bazaar (Para. 7)3. alliteration（头韵）: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.e.g. 1) thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1)2)the sellers, on the other hand, make a point of protesting4. Hyperbole(夸张): is the use of a form of w
4、ords to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc.e.g.or sit in a tiny restaurant with porters and(Para. 7)quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9)5Antithesis(对偶): is the setting, often in parallel s
5、tructure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis.e.g. 1) a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows(Para. 5)2) which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels. (Para. 9)6. Personification: a figure of speech in w
6、hich inanimate objects are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form.e.g. as the burnished copper catches the light of (Para.5)7. Assonance(尾韵)e.g. 1) the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding wheels. Unit 21.Metaphor: 暗喻A figure of speech in which a word or phrase th
7、at ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。1). And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways official might sa
8、y.2). I was again crushed by the thought(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)3). At last the intermezzo came to an end and(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)4). when the meaning of these last words sank in, jolting me(P15, P. 7, Lines 13)2. alliteration（头韵）: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with
9、 the same letter or letters.2e.g. 1)the fast train in the world slipped to a stop.2)I feel sick, and ever since then they have been testing and treating me .3. rhetorical question (反诘句)e.g. 1) Was I not at the scene of the crime?4. Synecdoche: 提喻A figure of speech in which a part is used for the who
10、le (a hand for sailor ), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer ), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin ), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket ), or the material for the thing from which it is made (as steel for sword ). 举隅法，提喻法：一种修辞方法，以局部代表整体（如用手 代表
11、 水手 ） ，以整体代表局部（如用 法律 代表 警官 ） ，以特殊代表一般（如用 直柄剃刀 代表 杀人者 ） ，以一般代表特殊（如用 贼 代表 扒手 ） ，或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用 钢 代表 剑 ）e.g.1) The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)l itt
12、le old Japan: traditional Japanese houses2 )There were fresh bows, and the faces grew more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima was repeated .(synecdoche)5. Metonymy: 换喻 A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the
13、use of “Washington” for “the United States government” or of “the sword” for “military power”. e.g.1)换喻，转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用“华盛顿” 代替 “美政府” 或用 “剑” 代替 “军事力量”The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant st
14、ruggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)the kimono and the miniskirt: the Japanese culture and the western culture6. Irony：反语The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning to achieve the humorous and ironic effect.反语：正话反说或反话正说以达到幽默和讽刺的效
15、果。e.g. 1）This way I look at them and congratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought me. (P. 17)7. Sarcasm 讽刺 Sarcasm is an expression or cutting remark clearly meaning the opposite to what is felt.e.g. 1）Hiroshimathe “liveliest” City in Japan 2）If you want to write this city, do
16、 not forget to say that this city is the gayest city in Japan, even if8. Euphemism 委婉语Speak with good words 把话说得好听些，婉转些，使听者感到愉快。3e.g. 1）Each day that I escape death, each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares. 指尘世的生活现在的痛苦9. Climax: 层进法 /渐升A series of statements or ideas in an asc
17、ending order of rhetorical force or intensity.层进法：在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用的一系列陈述和方法e.g. 1） No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially the people who were born here or who lived through it. (page 1516, Para. 12, Lines 13)从没人提它了，到不想提它了，再进为更不想提它了10. Anti-climax: 渐降Anti-climax, as used in t
18、he text, states ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity from strong to weak, from weighty to light. It has achieved a humorous or surprised or even a sarcastic effect when the mayor was introducing his city to the visitors, who were expecting his answer to have something to
19、do with the atom bomb, but who ironically heard “oysters” in the end.渐降表述概念的方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，有此达到取笑、讽刺或是喜剧的效果。e.g. 1) seldom has a city gained such world renown(提到广岛的名气，首先想到的是原子弹)and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for itsoyst
20、ers.”(p.15)11. Simile 明喻 is an expression making a comparison in the imagination between two things using the words as or likee.g. Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about themUnit 3 Ships in the Desert1Personification(拟人)e.g. 1) Where there should have
21、been gentle blue-green waves lapping against the side of the ship, there was nothing but hot dry sand. (Para. 1)2) With the sun glaring at midnight through a hole in the sky. 2Hyperbolee.g. the population explosion (Para. 5)3Metaphor1) another ghostly image (Para. 6)2) What should we feel toward the
22、se ghosts in the sky (Para. 8)3) A sudden and starting surge in human population.4Metonymy( 转喻)1) the relationship between the two superpowers (Para. 23)2) in a small tent pitched on a 12-foot slab(厚板) of ice floating in the frigid Arctic Ocean.5. Analogy (类比)1）witness humankinds assault on the eart
23、h2) The strategic nature of the threat now posed by human civilization to the global environment and the strategic nature of the threat to human civilization .(Para26)4Unit 5 Speech on Hitlers Invasion of the U.S.S.R.1. Rhetorical question (interrogation)Interrogation asks a question not in order to
24、 obtain an answer, but for the purpose of making an assertion in a striking and lively way.E.g. but can you doubt what our policy will be?3. parallel structure1) We will never parleyWe will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang(p.80)2) we shall fight him by landwe shall fight him by seawe s
25、hall fight him in the air. (p.80)3) behind all this glarebehind all this storm I see(p.80)4) I see the Russian soldiers standingI see them guardingI see the ten thousand villagesI see advancing upon(p.79)5) The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away.6) Prayfor the safety
26、 of their loved ones, the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector.4. InversionA change in normal word order, such as the placement of a verb before its subjecta) From this nothing will turn usnothing P. 805. RepetitionThe repeated use of the same synonymous words, to add fo
27、rce, clearness or balance to a sentenceWe have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. (p.78)He has so long thrived and prospered. (p.81)We will never parley, we will never negotiate(p.80)6. simileA figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase intr
28、oduced by like or as, as in “How like the winter hath my absence been” or “So are you to my thoughts as food to life” (Shakespeare). 明喻：一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由 like 或 as 引导的短1) the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(p79-80)2) The Russian danger is therefore our danger, an
29、d the danger of the USA，just as the cause of any Russian fighting for7. metaphorA figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。a) I see the Russian soldiers stan
30、ding on the threshold of their native land5threshold refers to the threshold of their nation. (p.79)b) Behind all this glare, behind all this storm, I see that small group of (p.80)Glare: a fierce or angry stare; Here it refers to war fire.Storm: strong wind and rain; Here it refers to war or Hitler
31、s assault on the other countries.c) delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey (the Russian soldiers). (p.80)d) I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes. (Page 77, Para. 1, the last sentence)e) We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime. (Page80,
32、 Para. 3, Lines 68)f) we have rid the earth of his shadow (influence) and liberated its peoples from his yoke(control). (p.80)8. alliterationThe repetition of the same consonant sounds or of different vowel sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables, as in头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复
33、。 如：1) Hearth and home (p.82)2) I also see the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(p.79)3)Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. (p.82)9. PersonificationA figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abs
34、tractions are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human formI see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey. (p.79-80)10. hyperboleA figure of speech in which ex
35、aggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法：一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年 或 这书有一吨重 中1) If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons. (Hitler is much eviler than the devil.) (p.78)1
36、1. Onomatopoeia(拟声)1）with its clanking , heel clicking, dandified.12. Antithesis (对偶)1）Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.13. Collusion(典故)1) I asked whether for him, the arch anticommunist, this was not bowing down i
37、n the House of Rimmon14.Syllogism 三段论推理Unit 9 Mark TwainMirror of America1. Simile: Please refer to Lesson 2.6e.g. 1) Indeed, this nations best-loved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. (Para. 1)2) Toms mischievous daring, ingenuity, an
38、d the sweet innocence of his affection for Becky Thatcher are almost as sure to be studied in American schools today as is the Declaration of Independence. (Para. 15)3）Most American remember M. T. as the father of. 4 )a memory that seemed phonographic2. Metaphore.g. 1) who saw clearly ahead a black
39、wall of night. (Para. 1)2) main artery of transportation in the young nations heart. (Para. 3).the epidemic of gold and silver fever.4. Mark Twain - Mirror of AmericaTwain began digging his way to regional fame.Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles.3. Sarcasm: it is a figure
40、 of speech which attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. It is most often restricted to the making of brief, unpleasant remarks that are motivated by hostility and contempt.e.g. 1)I knew more about retreating than
41、 the man that invented retreating. (Para. 6)2) one could set a trap anywhere and catch a dozen abler man in a night. (Para. 13)4. Alliteration（头韵）.e.g. It was a splendid population for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home.It was that populationand rushing them through with a
42、magnificent dash and daring and a recklessness of cost or consequences”5. Antithesis（对偶）e.g. 1)of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are. (Para. 5)2)a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.3) It was a splengded populationfor all the slow, sleepy,
43、 sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home.took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land.6. euphemisme.g. 1) He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band of Confiderate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy.2) he commented with a crushing sense of despair on mans final release fr
44、om earthly struggles73) they vanish from a world where they were of no consequence7. metonymy（转喻）e.g. but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax.8.personification.e.g.Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.The grave world smiles as usually and says.9.Transferr
45、ed epithet (转移修饰语)e.g. He had to leave the city for a while because of some scathing columns he wrote.10. Hyperbole:.cruise through eternal boyhood and .endless summer of freedom.Parallelism:Most Americans remember . the father of Huck Finns idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyers end
46、less summer of freedom and adventure.SynecdocheKeelboats,.carried the first major commerce Unit 10 The Trial that Rocked the World1. Metaphor:No one,. that may case would snowball into. The oratorical storm that.our town .had taken on a circus atmosphere.The street .sprouted with .He thundered in hi
47、s sonorous organ tones.champion had not scorched the infidels.after the preliminary sparring over legalities2. Simile:.swept the arena like a prairie fire.a palm fan like a sword. 3. Metonymy.tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers.The Christian believes that man came from above. .below.4.
48、 Hyperbole:The trial that rocked the worldHis reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world.(overstatement)5. Ridicule（丑化）Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted .and it is a mighty strong combinationBryan mopped his bald dome in silence.Resolutely he strode to the stand
49、, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his 8enemies.6. Sarcasm(讽刺):There is some doubt about that.And it is a mighty strong combination.In one hand he brandished a biology text text as he denounced the scientists who had come to Dayton to testify for the defence.7. Transferred epithetDarrow had whisper throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder.Darrow walked slowly round the baking court.8. AntithesisThe Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come
