1、第五章 国际私法关系的主体 Subjects of Private International Law,5-1 自然人 Natural Person 5-1-1 自然人的国籍 Nationality国籍的概念 Definition 国籍冲突及其解决Conflict of Nationalities 5-1-2 自然人的住所 Domicil住所的概念Domicil v. residence住所的冲突及其解决Conflict of domicils,5-2 法人 Legal Person,5-2-1 法人的国籍 Nationality of a Legal PersonA.成员国籍主义 the N
2、ationality of Members DoctrineB.设立地主义 the Register Place DoctrineC.住所地主义 the Domicil DoctrineD.准据法主义 the applicable Law DoctrineE.实际控制主义 the Capital Control DoctrineF.复合标准说 the Mixed Standard Doctrine,5-2 法人 Legal Person,5-2-2 法人的住所 the DomicilA.管理中心所在地说the Headquarter B.营业中心所在地说the Business Center
3、C.章程规定说 the Regulation of Incorporation 5-2-3 外国法人的认可Recognition and Permission of Foreign legal PersonsA.一般认可制 general Recognition SystemB.相互认可制 Mutual Recognition SystemC.特别认可制 Special Recognition System,5-3 国家,5-3-1 国家作为国际私法关系主体的特殊性名义/平等地位/国库财产/豁免权 4-3-2国家豁免问题 A.绝对豁免论the Doctrine of Absolute Immu
4、nity B.限制豁免论the Doctrine of Restrictive Immunity C.废除豁免论the Doctrine of Abolishing Immunity D.平等豁免论the Doctrine of Equal Immunity F.我国的立场 Chinas Arguments,5-4 外国人民事法律地位的制度 Several Systems of Civil Legal Status for Foreigners,4-4-1 国民待遇 National Treatment 4-4-2 最惠国待遇 the Most Favored-nation Treatment
5、 4-4-3优惠待遇 Preferential Treatment 4-4-4 普遍优惠待遇 Treatment of Generalized System of Preference 4-4-5不歧视待遇 Non-discriminate Treatment,General Rules on Domicile,It is a settled principle that nobody shall be without a domicile, and in order to make the effective the law assigns what is called a domicile
6、 of origin to every person at his birth, namely, to a legitimate child the domicile of the father, to an illegitimate child the domicile of the mother, and to a foundling the place where he is found. Second, a person cannot have two domiciles. Third, the fact that domicile signifies connection with
7、a single system of territorial law does not necessarily connote a system that prescribes identical rules for all classes of persons. Fourth, there is a presumption in favor of the continuance of an existing domicile. Fifth subject to certain statutory exception, the domicile of a person is to be det
8、ermined according to the English and not the foreign concept of domicile.,The Doctrine of Sovereign Immunity,One of the oldest principles of international law is the doctrine of sovereign immunity. Under this doctrine, countries are granted immunity form suits in courts in others countries. Original
9、ly, the United States granted absolute immunity to foreign governments from suits in U.S. courts. In 1952, the United States switched to the principle of qualified or restricted immunity, which was eventually codified in the Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act of 1976. This act provides that a foreign co
10、untry is not immune from lawsuits in U. S. courts in the following two situations:1.the foreign country has waived its immunity, either explicitly or by implication.2. the action is based upon a commercial activity carried on in the United States by the foreign country or carried on outside the Unit
11、ed States but causing a direct effect in the United States.,案例5-1 美国空难家属在美向中国民航总局索赔案,1985年1月9日，两位美国人通过泛美航空公司购买了中国航空公司从南京到北京的机票，但没有按原来购票的时间飞往美国，改乘同天5点第5109航班。不幸的是，该航班在济南上空发生空难，乘客全部遇难。家属在美起诉中国民航总局，要求赔偿300万美圆。 中国民航于1980年获得美国民用航空局的许可，从事美中间定期载客航班飞行，但有一个条件：中国民航根据本许可从事活动产生的索赔，中国民航放弃以主权豁免来辩护。 1986年10月18日，美国联邦地区法院认为没有管辖权。空难家属上诉，认为美国法院有管辖权；中国民航上诉要求适用纽约州的法律选择规则。 问题（1）美国法院能否行使管辖权？（2）应适用什么冲突规则？ （3）美中的协议规定：双方同意遵守航空器所在地的法律和规则；芝加哥公约规定缔约国承认每一国家对其领土上空有完全的 和排他的主权。如果美法院适用美国冲突规则是否违反这些条约？ （4）是适用华沙公约的赔偿限额还是中国法律的限额？ （5）如何确定“国际航行”？,
