1、中西教育比较,Athenian Paideia,LITERACY AND NUMERACY CLASSIC TEXTS AND MEMORIZATION MUSIC PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT MILITARY TRAINING HIGHER EDUCATION,Cicero: Seven-part scheme,1.ENTRANCEthe subject is introduced and good intentions are assured 2.NARRATIONstatement of situations vital to comprehending the topic
2、 at hand 3.PROPOSITIONorators dominant idea or thesis 4.DIVISIONspeakers outline of concepts to illustrate 5.CONFIRMATIONbodies of evidence supporting speakers beliefs 6.REBUTTALcountering an antagonists potential disagreement with evidence 7.CONCLUSIONsummary of evidence and last appeal to audience
3、s emotions Source: http:/www.lcc. gatech.edu/gallery/rhetoric/figures/cicero.html.,论语,子曰：“吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲，不逾矩。” 子曰：“温故而知新，可以为师矣。” 子曰：“不愤不启，不悱不发。举一隅不以三隅反，则不复也。” 子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉：择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。” 子曰：“有教无类。”,庄子 天道,世之所贵道者，书也。书不过语，语有贵也。语之所贵者，意也，意有所随。意之所随者，不可以言传也，而世因贵言传书。世虽贵之，我犹不足贵也
4、，为其贵非其贵也。 桓公读书于堂上，轮扁斫轮于堂下，释椎凿而上，问桓公曰：“敢问：公之所读者，何言邪？”公曰：“圣人之言也。”曰：“圣人在乎?”公曰：“已死矣。“曰：“然则君之所读者，古人之糟粕已夫！”桓公曰：“寡人读书，轮人安得议乎！有说则可，无说则死!”轮扁曰：“臣也以臣之事观之。斫轮，徐则甘而不固，疾则苦而不入，不徐不疾，得之于手而应于心，口不能言，有数存乎其间。臣不能以喻臣之子，臣之子亦不能受之于臣，是以行年七十而老斫轮。古之人与其不可传也死矣，然则君之所读者，古人之糟粕已夫！” Source:http:/ 六岁教之数与方名。男子始习书字，女子始习女工之小者。七岁男女不同席、不共食。始
5、诵孝经、论语，虽女子亦宜诵之,自七岁以下谓之孺子，早寝晏起,食无时。八岁出入门户及即席饮食，必从长者。始教之以谦让。男子诵尚书，女子不出中门。,九岁男子诵春秋及诸史，始为之讲解，使晓义理。女子亦为之讲解论语、孝经及列女传、女戒之类，略晓大意。(注:古之贤女，无不观图史以自鉴，如曹大家之徒。皆精通经术，议论明正。今人或教女子以作歌詩、执俗乐，殊非所宜也。) 十岁男子出就外傅，居宿于外。读诗、礼、传，为之讲解，使知仁义礼知信。自是以往，可以读孟、荀、杨子，博观群书。凡所读书必择其精要者而读之。其异端非圣贤之书传，宜禁之，勿使妄观以惑乱其志。观书皆通，始可学文辞。女子则教以婉娩、听从,及女工之大者。
6、,三字经,人之初，性本善。性相近，习相远 苟不教，性乃迁。教之道，贵以专 孟母昔，择邻处。子不学，断机杼 窦燕山，有义方。教五子，名俱扬 养不教，父之过。教不严，师之惰 子不学，非所宜。幼不学，老何为 玉不琢，不成器。人不学，不知义 为人子，方少时。亲师友，习礼仪 香九龄，能温席。孝于亲，所当执 融四岁，能让梨。弟于长，宜先知 首孝悌，次见闻。,三字经,尔小生，宜立志 莹八岁，能咏诗。泌七岁，能赋棋 彼颖悟，人称奇。尔幼学，当效之 蔡文姬，能辨琴。谢道韫，能咏吟 彼女子，且聪敏。尔男子，当自警 唐刘晏，方七岁。举神童，作正字 彼虽幼，身已仕。尔幼学，勉而致 有为者，亦若是,三字经,犬守夜，鸡司
7、晨。苟不学，曷为人 蚕吐丝，蜂酿蜜。人不学，不如物 幼而学，壮而行。上致君，下泽民,科举考试书目,论语 11,705 孟子 34,685 易经 24,107 尚书 25,700 诗经 39,234 礼记 99,010 左传 196,845- 总字数 431,286,Fundamental Contrasts in Argumentative Writing: Western Chinese,卢梭的教育观,Our wisdom is slavish奴性 prejudice, our customs consist in control, constraint约束, compulsion强制力.
8、Civilized man is born and dies a slave. The infant is bound up in swaddling clothes襁褓, the corpse is nailed down in his coffin棺材. All his life long man is imprisoned by his institutions体制.,Nature would have them children before they are men. If we try to invert颠倒 this order we shall produce a forced
9、 fruit immature不成熟 and flavorless, fruit which will be rotten腐烂 before it is ripe; we shall have young doctors and old children. Childhood has its own ways of seeing, thinking, and feeling; nothing is more foolish than to try and substitute替代 our ways; and I should no more expect judgment in a ten-y
10、ear-old child than I should expect him to be five feet high.,Teach your scholar to observe the phenomena of nature; you will soon rouse his curiosity, but if you would have it grow, do not be in too great a hurry to satisfy this curiosity. Put the problems before him and let him solve them himself.
11、Let him know nothing because you have told him, but because he has learnt it for himself. Let him not be taught science, let him discover it. If ever you substitute authority for reason, he will cease to reason; he will be a mere plaything玩物 of other peoples thoughts. Source:www.gutenberg.org/etext/
12、5427,060316,Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile.,Horace Mann,Education, then, beyond all other devices of human origin, is the great equalizer of the conditions of men-the balance-wheel of the social machineryI mean that it gives each man the independence and the means, by which he can resist the selfishne
13、ss of other men But education creates or develops new treasures-treasures not before possessed or dreamed of by any one,Bad Effects of the American Two-Party Political System What kind of political doctrines would be administered to the children, amid the vicissitudes（多变） of party domination,their a
14、lternations of triumph and defeat? This year, under the ascendancy（优势） of one side.Next year, the vanquished（被征服的） triumph; and constitution, gloss, and authority, make that sound doctrine, which was pestilent（致命的） error before, and that false, which was said to be true. Right and wrong have changed
15、 sides. The children must now join in chorus（一致） to denounce（谴责） what they had been taught to reverence（尊敬） before, and to reverence what they had been taught to denounce. In the mean time, those great principles, become the fittest emblems（象征） of chance and change.,中华人民共和国义务教育法(1986),第一条 为了发展基础教育，促
16、进社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设，根据宪法和我国实际情况，制定本法。 第二条 国家实行九年制义务教育。省、自治区、直辖市根据本地区的经济、文化发展状况，确定推行义务教育的步骤。 第三条 义务教育必须贯彻国家的教育方针，努力提高教育质量，使儿童、少年在品德、智力、体质等方面全面发展，为提高全民族的素质，培养有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的社会主义建设人才奠定基础。,中华人民共和国义务教育法(1986),第六条 学校应当推广使用全国通用的普通话。招收少数民族学生为主的学校，可以用少数民族通用的语言文字教学。 第十条 国家对接受义务教育的学生免收学费。国家设立助学金，帮助贫困学生就学。 第十四条 全社会应当尊重教师。国家保障教师的合法权益，采取措施提高教师的社会地位，改善教师的物质待遇，对优秀的教育工作者给予奖励。教师应当热爱社会主义教育事业，努力提高自己的思想、文化、业务水平，爱护学生，忠于职责。 Source:http:/
