1、共 52 页,1,定语从句,共 52 页,2,定语从句的定义,在复合句中，修饰某个名词或代词的句子（做这个名词或代词的定语）叫定语从句。,共 52 页,3,定语从句的位置,定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面。,共 52 页,4,先行词概念,被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词。,共 52 页,5,关系词概念,先行词与定语从句之间要有一个词连接，这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词（关系代词或关系副词：that, which, who, whose, when, where, why）。先行词在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，时间，地点，原因状语。,共 52 页,6,定语从句的结构,先行词+关系词+
2、定语从句,共 52 页,7,考试考点聚焦考点 一 关系代词的用法 1关系代词的作用 (1)连接作用：关系代词引导从句，把它和主句连接起来； (2)替代作用：关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词； (3)成分作用：关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分。,共 52 页,8,2关系代词的用法分类,共 52 页,9,3.易混关系代词辨析 (1)关系代词that和which 先行词是物时，关系代词that，which可以通用，但有区别。 1)在限制性定语从句中只能用that的情况 先行词为不定代词(all, nothing, the one, much等)或被不定代词修饰时。 You can take any
3、 seat that is free. Tell us all that you know.,共 52 页,10,先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。 That is the first composition that Ive written in English. 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the best that has been used against pollution. 当人和物同为先行词时。 Everyone wants to see the spaceship and the spaceman that made the flight aro
4、und the earth.,共 52 页,11,先行词是be的表语或关系词在从句中作表语时。 Its a book that will help you a lot. He is no longer the man (that) he used to be. 先行词被the only, the very修饰时。 That is the very pen (that) I am looking for. 当先行词是which时。 Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?,共 52 页,12,先行词为the way/the t
5、ime/the moment/the first /the last time等名词时。 I dont like the way (that) he talks. This is the third time (that) he has been late this week. 特别提示：此时that为关系副词，若先行词没有被the first/the last修饰时，用that和when均可。 The time (that)/(when) I saw you was 800. 定语从句中套定语从句，其中一个关系词已用which时。 He built a factory which produ
6、ced things that had never been seen before.,共 52 页,13,2)只用which的情况 关系代词前有介词或介词短语时。 Here is the book about which I told you yesterday. 非限制性定语从句中。 The weather turned out to be very good, which was better than we could expect. 先行词后有插入语时。 Here is the English grammar book which，as Ive told you, will help
7、 improve your English.,共 52 页,14,为避免重复时。 I told them a story last night, which that had been made up by me was very interesting.,共 52 页,15,(2)关系代词as和which as既可指人又可指物，主要用于as.；as.as; the same.as.; such.as.等结构中，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。引导的从句可位于句中、句首、句末。 As is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two coun
8、tries are making progress. Mary was late for school, as is often the case. as引导非限制性的定语从句，修饰前面整个句子，而which不仅可修饰整个句子还可以修饰单个名词；引导限制和非限制性从句，从句要放在句末。,共 52 页,16,The meeting, which was held in the park, was a success. The meeting was a success, as was expected. 当as代替一句话，引导限制性定语从句时，其意思是“ 这一点”，引出的从句位置很灵活，可以放在
9、主句之前、之后或中间。放在主句之前时，as在从句中通常作主语，放在其他位置时as在从句中可作主语或宾语。而which引导非限制性从句时不但可以代替全句内容，也可以代替某个词或短语，在从句中除了可作主语外，还可作宾语、表语等成分，其位置是尽量靠近被说明的先行词、先行句、先行短语，绝不能置于句前。另外，非限制性从句若是肯定句，用which, as均可，若是否定句式或意思是否定的句子，则多用which。,共 52 页,17,She has married again, as was expected. 她又结婚了，这是大家意料之中的事。 She has married again, which wa
10、s unexpected. 她又结婚了，真是没想到。,共 52 页,18,(3)who和that的区别 先行词是人时，关系代词可用who(m), that引导定语从句，但下列情况一般用who，而不用that。 1)先行词是one, ones, anyone或anybody, those时。 Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 2)一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个的关系词是that时。 The student that won the first prize is the monitor who speaks English best
11、in our class.,共 52 页,19,3)在there be句型中和非限制性句型中。 There is a person who wants to see you. I met an old classmate yesterday, who is now a manager of a big company. (4)who, whom和whose,共 52 页,20,1)先行词是指人的名词或代词，且在定语从句中作主语时，用who，且不可省略。 The boy who was in the office yesterday is my brother. 昨天在办公室的那个男孩是我弟弟。
12、 Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天我帮了一位迷路的老人。,共 52 页,21,2)先行词是指人的名词或代词，且在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom, that或who皆可，可以省略；但关系词前有介词时，只能用whom。 I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcards. 我要给很多朋友寄贺卡。 Mr. Liu is the person (whom/who/that) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你在公交车上说的那个人。 The
13、 man (who/whom/that) you met at the airport is a famous actor. 你在机场碰见的那个人是个著名演员。,共 52 页,22,3)关系代词在定语从句中作定语时用whose，先行词是指人或物的名词均可。指物时，“whose名词”可与“限定词名词ofwhich”或“ofwhich限定词名词”换用。 This is the student whose handwriting is the best in our school. 这就是我们学校那个书法最好的学生。 I want to buy the coat whose colour(the c
14、olor of which/of which the color) is the lightest. 我想买那件颜色最浅的大衣。,共 52 页,23,4关系词的省略 (1)作宾语的关系代词可以省略，但前面不能有介词。 This is the man (who/whom/that) we have talked about. (2)关系代词作表语时，也可以省略。 Beijing is no longer the city (that) it used to be. (3)口语中，关系副词可以省略(尤其是先行词为time, way, reason等时)。 This is the reason (w
15、hy) I did it. I dont know the time (that) he arrived.,共 52 页,24,5限制性和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句起修饰限制的作用，是主句不可少的一部分，与先行词无逗号隔开，翻译成中文常译成前置定语。 Those who want to go, sign their names on the paper. 那些想去的人把他们的名字签在纸上。 非限制性的定语从句对先行词起补充说明的作用，省去不影响句子意思，常用逗号隔开、翻译成中文时，常译成并列分句。,共 52 页,25,This note was left by John, who was
16、 here a moment ago. 这便条是约翰留的，他刚才还在这儿。 注意：why和that不能引导非限制性定语从句。,共 52 页,26,6定语从句中的主谓一致 (1)关系词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。 I, who am your friend, will leave for Beijing tomorrow. (2)which和as指代一个句子时，从句谓语动词用单数。 Mary is often late for class, which makes our teacher very unhappy.,共 52 页,27,(3)当先行词被the only
17、/the very/the exact one of修饰时，从句谓语动词用单数，若仅有one of修饰时则从句的谓语动词用复数形式。 He is one of the students who want to be a doctor in the future. He is the only one of the students who wants to be a doctor in the future.,共 52 页,28,7“介词/介词短语which/whom”中介词的选择 关系代词前面的介词使用是根据与名词前面的动词搭配关系和介词的搭配关系及句子结构上的需要而定的。 Well nev
18、er forget the day on which we went camping.(on the day) The woman to whom we spoke is from the USA.(speak to sb.) His glasses, without which he was(who was not)like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.(由句意决定),共 52 页,29,考点二 关系副词的用法 1当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。其中when表示时间的介词(如：in, at, during等)which；wh
19、ere表示地点的介词(如：in, at, on, under等)which; why表示原因的介词(如：for)which。 I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(whenon which) Can you tell me the office where he works？(wherein which) Do you know the reason why he is absent？(whyfor which),共 52 页,30,2介词关系代词(which)where/when。有时为表达清楚，还可以在关系副词wher
20、e/when前加介词from, to等。 China is the birth place of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.,共 52 页,31,3高考对关系副词where的考查 高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词由“明显的地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。事实上，对于where这个词，考生不能只理解为表示地点。当先行词表示某人/物的处境，或某事所发展的阶段，或表达某事的某个方面时都可用where这个关系副词。 The accident had reached to
21、a point where both their parents are to be called in. 事情发展到如此程度，不得不请双方家长来一趟了。 这种用法不仅仅限于定语从句，特殊疑问句中的where，名词性从句中的where都有这种用法。,共 52 页,32,Where will all this trouble lead? 这件麻烦事会惹出什么结果？ That is where you are mistaken. 这就是你的错误所在。,共 52 页,33,考点三 关系副词和关系代词的比较 引导定语从句的关系代词及关系副词除了起连接先行词和从句的作用外，它们还有一个最重要的作用，那就
22、是它们分别在定语从句中充当成分。具体地说，关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。因此，在选择引导词时，最重要的是分析一下定语从句中的成分，若从句中缺主语、宾语或表语，那么必须用关系代词；若从句中不缺主语、宾语或表语，那么必须用关系副词。,共 52 页,34,试比较下面的句子： (1)Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao? 你还记得我们一起在青岛度过的日子吗？ (2)Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer h
23、olidays in Qingdao? 你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗？ 在句(1)中，定语从句中缺宾语，因此须用关系代词that/which来引导从句，而在句(2)中，定语从句中不缺主语，也不缺宾语，因此须用关系副词when来引导从句。,共 52 页,35,考点四 定语从句与其他句式的比较 It is such a heavy box that he cant lift it.(状语从句) It is such a heavy box as he cant lift.(定语从句) Is this factory the one where we worked three years ago
24、？(定语从句) Is this factory where we lived three years ago？(表语从句) As is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.(定语从句),共 52 页,36,It is known to the world that Mark Twain is a great American writer.(主语从句) That Mark Twain is a great American writer is known to the world.(主语从句) The reason
25、 why he didnt come was unknown.(定语从句) The reason that he gave was not right.(定语从句) She did all she could to help him.(定语从句),共 52 页,37,She did what she could to help him.(宾语从句) She is not the girl she used to be.(定语从句) She is not what she used to be.(表语从句) 由以上例句可以看出，分清定语从句与其他复合句的关键是要掌握先行词及其后的关系词，要看其是
26、否在从句中作成分，是否有意义。,共 52 页,38,考点五 定语从句其他用法要点 注意way和time后接定语从句的情况 1当先行词是way意为“方式、方法”时，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。 What surprised me was not what he said but the wayin which That 不填he said it. 注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同，试比较： The waythat which,共 52 页,39,不填 he explained to us was quite simple. 他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。 The waythat in wh
27、ich 不填 he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. 他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解。,共 52 页,40,2先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间”讲时，应用关系副词when或介词at/duringwhich引导定语从句。 This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country. I could hardly remember how ma
28、ny times (that) Ive failed. There was a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.,共 52 页,41,单选考题领略 1.(2010重庆)In China, the number of cities is increasing _ development is recognized across the world. A. where B. which C. whose D. that 答案与解析：C whose在此引导定语从句，并在从句中作定语，先行
29、词为cities, whose development相当于the development of the cities。,共 52 页,42,2(2010江西)The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister _ she would stay for an hour. A. where B. who C. which D. what 答案与解析：A 句意：这个女孩被安排与她姐姐一起在培训中心上钢琴课，在那儿她愿意待上一个小时。where引导限制性定语从句，修饰at the trainin
30、g centre。,共 52 页,43,3(2010湖南)Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school _ I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. where C. when D. which 答案与解析：A who引导定语从句，修饰先行词students。句意：我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学成了好朋友。,共 52 页,44,4(2010山东)Thats the new machine _ parts are too sm
31、all to be seen. A. that B. which C. whose D. what 答案与解析：C 代替指物的先行词the new machine，且在从句中作定语，所以用whose。句意：那是台新机器，它的零件小得都看不到。,共 52 页,45,5(2010福建)Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _ life has developed gradually. A. that B. where C. which D. whose 答案与解析：B 句意：Stephen
32、 Hawking认为地球不可能是唯一的有生命逐渐形成的星球。这是一个由where引导的定语从句，修饰先行词planet，从句中缺少地点状语，根据句意，选B项。,共 52 页,46,6(2010龙岩质检)Remember that there is still one point _ we must make clear at the conference tomorrow. A. where B. why C. when D. that 答案与解析：D 解定语从句题的关键是：在主句中找出先行词，该句的先行词是one point，然后把先行词“代入”从句中，判断其在从句中的“地位”和“作用”。这
33、里先行词在从句中作make clear的宾语，所以用关系代词that/which引导定语从句并在从句中作宾语，据此选D项。,共 52 页,47,7(2010南京调研)The owner wanted to charge $5,000 for his car, _ I managed to lower to $ 3,500. A. since B. what C. which D. that 答案与解析：C 关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当lower的宾语，而that不能用于非限制性定语从句。,共 52 页,48,8(2010皖南八校联考)Newton is shown as
34、 a gifted scientist with every human weakness _ stood at the point in history _ magic ended and science began. A. who; where B. which; where C. who; when D. which; that 答案与解析：A 本句中包含两个定语从句。第一个空格处即第一个定语从句的先行词是scientist，该空所填的词在从句中作主语，故应用who；第二个空格处即第二个定语从句的先行词是point，是表示地点的名词，后面的定语从句缺少相应的地点状语，故应填where。,
35、共 52 页,49,9(2011兰州期末) When they went into the shop and asked to look at the engagement rings, the girl brought out a cheaper one, _ she had arranged with James. Awhich was what Bthe one was what Cthat was that Dwhat was that 答案与解析：A which指代a cheaper one引导定语从句，what引导表语从句，并作arrange的宾语。,共 52 页,50,10(20
36、11豫南九校) Mothers Day is coming. Its time to think of a proper gift for my mother, _wont be expensive but will make her happy. Aone Bone that Cthose Dthe one that 答案与解析：B one作gift的同位语，that引导定语从句。,共 52 页,51,写作指导 看图作文 典型例题 (2010北京)假设你是红星中学高二(1)班的学生李华，利用上周末的时间帮助祖父母安排了去北戴河的旅行。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，写一篇英文周记，叙述你从准备到
37、送行的全过程。,共 52 页,52,注意：1.周记的开头已为你写好。 2词数不少于60。 Last weekend, I helped my grandparents prepare their trip to Beidaihe._ _ _,共 52 页,53,写作提示 看图作文是根据某一幅或几幅图画所提供的图像信息写一篇短文，或是说明，或是记叙。要求考生将画面所包含的有效信息直接用英语思维转换生成英语语言文字。 做看图作文要具有敏锐的观察力，丰富的想像力，严谨的逻辑思维，冷静的分析能力。当试题图画是几幅时，要能把看似相互独立的画面联系起来。,共 52 页,54,本试题由四幅图画构成。写作时要
38、抓住每幅图画信息提供的中心要点：第一幅图画是在网上查询信息，第二幅图画是在售票处买车票，第三幅图画是整理行李，第四幅图画是送行。四幅图画的内在联系是乘火车旅行，人物是李华和他的祖父母。根据汉语提示和图画信息要写出一个我(李华)帮助祖父母准备旅行的全过程。 根据试题给出的短文首句，使用第一人称和一般过去时。,共 52 页,55,佳作欣赏 Last_weekend,_I_helped_my_grandparents_prepare_their_trip_to_Beidaihe. On Saturday morning, together with my grandparents, I search
39、ed the Internet for the train schedule, the weather in Beidaihe, and some hotel information. In the afternoon, I went to the train station and managed to buy two tickets for my grandparents although there was a long queue. After dinner, I packed into the suitcase the things my grandparents need, suc
40、h as clothes, glasses, an umbrella, and a map. The next,共 52 页,56,morning, I went to the station to see them off. Waving goodbye to them on the platform, I felt happy for them and wished them a safe journey.,共 52 页,57,名师点评 1由于是记叙文，文中对时间衔接过渡的时间状语运用非常恰当。全文的时间过渡是通过“On Saturday morning, . In the afternoon， After dinner， The next morning，”的先后顺序完成的，符合命题要求：叙述你从准备到送行的全过程。 2文中恰当地使用了一些词汇表达，如：together with, search. for; manage to do; such as; see sb. off; wave goodbye to sb.等。,
