1、Welcome to the Grammar Class,A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty.- Winston Churchill,words,colony,duke,prime minister,Conservative Party,nobles,hegemonism,Phrase,eat ones words,out of the question,pull ones leg,ones cup of tea,Co
2、ntents,1. with 的复合结构2. 四种时态3.虚拟式4. 感叹句和反义疑问句5. 文体语言6.补充知识,2with + 复合宾语结构,这种结构也可以看成是一种独立主格结构。,（1）with + 名词 / 代词 + 名词 . He was carried into the hospital, with his face a mass of bleeding flesh.,（2）with + 名词 / 代词 + 介词 The teacher came into the classroom with a book in his hand. He was asleep with his h
3、ead on his arms.,3）with + 名词 / 代词 + 副词,He went out with his hat on.The square looks more beautiful than ever with her lights on.,4）with + 名词 / 代词 + 形容词 Dont speak with your mouth full.,5）with + 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词 With the old man leading, the two started toward the mountains.,（6）with + 名词 / 代词 + -en分词
4、 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. . With his matter settled, we left the room.,（7）with + 名词 / 代词 + 不定式 This was a severe test, with innumerable difficulties to be overcome.,将来will be,完成has/have done,进行doing,将来进行时,基本构成：shall/will + be + 现在分词【v.ing】Please dont call me between 8:00 and
5、 10:00 tomorrow. Ill be having my classes then.,备注,被动语态没有将来进行时、过去将来进行时和完成进行时形式。- 薄冰语法,（一）,（1）表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，一般带状语。 When he comes to my house tomorrow, I will be writing the report.,（二）,(2)表示现在正在进行的动作，但这个动作会延续到将来。 I think that she will be working on this experiment until next morning.,（三）,(3)表示预定的将来
6、动作或对将来的预测。 After you take the medicine, you will be feeling much better.,（四）,表示对将来的打算（区别于对将来的预测） My duties will be ending in July , and Ill be returning to ShangHai.,将来完成时,表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。 Pick me up at 8 oclock,I will have had breakfast by then.,将来完成时,2.表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间。 We wil
7、l have been married a year on June 25th.,现在完成进行时,（一）表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。 I have been learning English since three years ago.,现在完成进行时,（二）表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。 We have been waiting for you for half an hour. 我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到，如同在电话里说的，还会继续等),过去完成进行,主语 +had+been +doing （have/has随人称的变化而变化） He came
8、 back at seven He had been waiting for her two hours （At seven he did not wait any more）,过去完成进行,1.He had been quarrelling with his wife2.He had been asking me the same question,将来完成进行,主语+ shall/will have been doing I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the yea
9、r. 到今年年底，我将在这个工厂工作20年了,将来完成进行,If we dont hurry up the store will have been closing before we get there. 咱们如不快一点儿，等我们到了那儿，店门就会关了。,将来完成进行,The play is coming off in August. By then the play will have been running for three months. 这个剧将于8月停演。到那时为止，这个剧将连演三个月了。,Subjunctive Mood虚拟式,虚拟语气,虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来
10、表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、愿望等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等。,虚拟语气的概念,1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望（be 一律用were） If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky. If I had 5000 yuan, I would buy a computer.,2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望If I had taken your advice , I wouldnt have made the mistake.If he had been there, it wouldnt hav
11、e happened.,3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望 构成：主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + would/should/could/might + 原形动词 I wish that he could try again. I wish that someday I could live on the moon.,二，愿望，命令，要求等,1)He insisted that I should have a rest.2)It is suggested that Tom have a rest. 3)The king ordered that the prisoner be k
12、illed the next day.,We suggested that Tom have a rest.,He insisted that I (should )be present.,They requested that we (should) send them to work there.,Its suggested that the plan be carried out.My demand is that she should come to see me once a week.We are for the advice that the factory should be
13、closed down.,宾语从句。常见动词： 一个坚持：insist 两个命令：order, command 三个建议：advise, suggest, propose 五个要求：demand , require, request, desire ask,这些动词后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气用法。即从句中的动词 使用should + 动词原形，或者将should省略。,1.Dont you think it necessary that he _to Miami but to New York? I agree,but the problem is _he has refused to. A
14、.not be sent;that B.should not be sent;what2.I would have come earlier，but I _that you were waiting for me. A.didnt know B.hadnt known,虚拟语气,3、省略 if 的条件从句 当从句中有 were, had 或 should 时，可省略if ，而把它们放在句首。 If I were to meet him tomorrow, I should ask him about it.Were I to meet him tomorrow,虚拟语气在 在条件从句中,If
15、you had asked me , I would have told you. Had you asked me, I would have told you.,should,If he should agree to go there,we would send him there. Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.,4. without, but for，or和otherwise 构成虚拟。but for要不是，or否则（含蓄条件句）1.）Without sunlight, there would be no li
16、fe on our planet.2.）But for your help, I wouldnt have finished the work.,or和otherwise 构成虚拟,3.）I was ill that day , otherwise , I would have taken part in the sports meet.(副词)4.）He telephoned to inform me of your birthday , or I would have known nothing about it .(连词),If it hadnt been for your assist
17、ance , we wouldnt have succeeded. =But for your assistance ，we wouldnt have succeeded. =Without your assistance ，we wouldnt have succeeded.,5 . If only 要是就好了 If only I knew his name!If only we had followed your advice!If only I were to see him again!,If he _ （drive）more carefully, he _(not have) the
18、 car accident yesterday.,had driven,would not have had,She loves the baby as if it were her own son.I remembered the whole thing as if it had happened yesterday.,6.As if/though和wish用法相同,I wish I as tall as you.,were,I wish every day my birthday.,were,I wish it rain tomorrow.,would,7. would rather (t
19、hat),现在,将来： 过去：,I would rather you paid me now.,I would rather you had gone, too.,I would rather you came tomorrow.,过去时,过去完成时,8.Its (about/high) time +(that),should +V.,过去时,我们该去睡觉了。,Its time that we . Its time that we to bed.,(Should不可省略),went to bed,should go,9. Its necessary /strange/ natural/ imp
20、ortant + that-Clause 从句中的动词要用虚拟，即（should）+动词原形,It is important that we should master a foreign language.It is strange that she refuse to come to the party.Its necessary that we should study hard.,虚拟语气,Alan _ the party if he had gone to London.A. would have missed B. had missedC. would miss D. missed
21、2.It was the drug，not the disease，that killed the boy. He would be still alive today if he _ that drug.A.not take B. hadnt takenC. didnt take D. shouldnt have taken,Exercises,虚拟语气,3. If only I _ to my parents! (But I didnt.)A. listened B. had listenedC. should listen D. would listen 4. Tom suggested
22、 that Ann _ the house.A. sell B. soldC. shall sell D. would sell 5. I wish this bus _ to the university. A. go B. went C. has gone D. had gone,虚拟语气,9. Have you ever been to Beijing?- No, but I wish I _.A. have B. will C. do D. had 10. I dont think it is the right time that you _.A. will go B. went C
23、. go D. must go 11. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it . A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken,单词,disguise,bewilder,compensate,frustrate,controversial,equivalent,补充单词,1.We are born in the same country, so we are compatriot.2.His conscience compelled hi
24、m to confess.3.She is very superstitious and deeply believe that there are ghosts in the world.,单词,4.John likes to frequent the bars.5. We should comply with the rules.6.Do you think we are paid in proportion to the hours we work?,单词,7.Many countries subsidize exports.8.We should continue to give pr
25、iority to the development of education.9.We put the production under a boycott.10.Our relationship is based on reciprocal respect.,单词,11.I think most of the obstacles can be surmounted.12. We should now bring all positive factors into full play.,情态动词,情态动词表推测,可能性的强弱层次must should/ought to can/could ma
26、y/might,must 表“必须” dont have to neednt dodont need to2. must还可表示“偏偏、偏要” e.g. Must you make so much noise?,1. 不必须,mustnt 禁止,should / ought to表示推测根据经验的推测，“应当、应该” e.g. You photos should be ready by 12:00.2. 表示“竟然”，带有感情色彩。 e.g. It is strange that you should like him.,may/ might表示推测 1. can not 不可能 may no
27、t 可能不2. may well “极有可能” e.g. Liza may well not want to go on the trip - she hates traveling.3. may/ might as well “不妨” e.g. You may as well stay for dinner.,1. - She looks very happy. She _ have passed the exam.- I guess so. Its not difficult after all. A. should B. could C. must D. might2. She _ ha
28、ve left school, for her bike is still here.A. cant B. wouldnt C. shouldnt D. neednt,3. - Im sorry. I _at you the other day.- Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself.A. shouldnt shout B. shouldnt have shouted C. mustnt shout D. mustnt have shouted,4. You _ the exam, but you spent all your time p
29、laying.A. can pass B. could have passed C. could pass D. can have passed,5. - Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.- Thanks. You _ it. I could manage it myself. A. neednt do B. neednt have done C. mustnt do D. shouldnt have done6. My MP4 isnt in my bag. Where_I have put it？ A. can B. must C. s
30、hould D. would,感叹句和反意疑问句,形副+how 名词前面用what,How clever a boy he is! How fast he runs!What beautiful flowers (they are)! What fine weather (it is)!,前肯后否，前否后肯的原则,There is little water in the bottle , is there？He can hardly speak English , can he ?,Lets read the text together , shall we ?Please let us op
31、en the door , will you ?,陈述句的主语为no one，none ,nobody ,everyone , someone, somebody , everybody等时，其附加部分的主语要用they，但强调个体时，常用he。Everyone has got a book , arent they ?Someone is calling you , isnt he ?,主从复合句的反意问句以主句为主。 如：she thinks she can work it out ,doesnt she ?He told you we would have an English exam
32、 , didnt he ? 注意：当主句是“I think / I suppose / I believe/ I dont think ” 时，要以从句为主。 如：I think he is wrong this time , isnt he ?I dont believe he will come tomorrow ,will he ?,8、注意以下三种句子的反意疑问句： 1）陈述部分有have to 时，其反意疑问句要用助动词的否定形式You have to water the vegetables every day, dont you? 2）陈述部分有had better时，反意疑问句
33、中要用hadnt。We had better go to school at once, hadnt we?,当陈述部分含有情态动词must时，如果must 作“一定；要；必须”讲，反意疑问句须用mustnt或neednt；而当must作推测意义“一定是；必定”讲时，反意疑问句则需根据must后的动词原形选用相应的形式。 He must work hard at physics, mustnt he? Tom must be at home，isnt he?,There is some milk in the bottle ,_? There is little orange , _? Tom
34、 is good at English, _? He has few friends here , _? They finished the work , _? Sally can hardly speak Chinese ,_? Your parents can swim ,_?He could see nobody in the room ,_?Mr. Green teaches you English , _?Please try them on , _?Dont turn on the TV,_?Lets go shopping , _?,isnt thereis thereisnt
35、hedoes hedidnt theycan hecant theycould hedoesnt hewill youwill you shall we,compass,gunpower,papermaking,movable type printing,Renaissance,Enlightment,force majeure,Intellectual property,ADB,HSBC,She asked me about what I do for a living.,The technology will influence the way we live and think.,Ple
36、ase see to it that the packing is suitable for a long sea voyage.,When it comes to study, diligence is necessary.,The year 1949 witnessed the establishment of peoples Republic of China,句子分析,Upon graduation from Yale, he was offered opportunities to stay in the United States, however,urged by his des
37、ire to apply what he had learned to the well-being of his motherland,he rejected the offers and returned to China.,句子分析,1. The Olympic Games are an international multi-sport event subdivided into summer and winter games.2.Since then the Olympic Games have been held in different cities of the world o
38、nce every four years,with the exception of war year 1916,1940 and 1944.,句子,In the 15th century, the seven overseas voyage, which were launched from Nanjing by renowned Chinese master mariner,Zheng He,prompted the city to establish ties with many foreign countries, thus initiating her historical age
39、of coming into contact with overseas countries.,科技英语,Petroleum is a result of the deposition of plant or animal matter in areas that are slowly subsiding.,合同商务英语,This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller,whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.,文学英语,It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.,Bye-Bye,
