1、Crack the confusing items concerning tenses,突破时态易混点,I) The simple present tense,II) The simple past tense,III) The present continuous tense,IV) The past continuous tense,V) The present perfect tense,VI)The present perfect continuous tense,VII) The past perfect tense,所谓动词时态,是指谓语动词所表示的动作发生的时间和状态. 动作发生
2、的时间有过去, 现在和将来; 动作发生的状态有一般性,进行性和完成性.由此构成英语中16种不同时态,如上表所示:中学阶段我们主要接触到9种时态 (红色和绿色所示) , 重点考察5种(红色所示)掌握时态的用法, 应从以下几点入手: 定义: 很多同学往往忽视这一点, 其实这恰恰是掌握时态用法的根本, 它定义的正是一个时态的应用范围. 2)谓语构成 3)时间状语 4)一般用法 5)特殊用法 6) 相关时态的区别,一、对一般现在时的考查 1.考查其基本概念：一般现在时表示一个习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词always, every time, now and then, occasional
3、ly, often, seldom, sometimes, usually 等连用。但近几年，对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进行干扰。1) Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which _the Pacific, and we met no storm.（2005年辽宁卷） was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called,2.考查一般现在时的替代用法：在以when, till/ until, as soon as
4、, by the time, after, before等引导的时间状语从句，在以if, unless, once等引导的条件状语从句和以no matter, however, even if 等词引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句中的动词用一般将来时，从句中的动词通常用一般现在时或现在完成时代替一般将来时。What would you do if it _ tomorrow? We have to carry it on ,since weve got everything ready. （2005年全国卷） A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining
5、,特殊用法 1.某些表示动作起止的动词, 可用一般现在时表示一个按计划, 规定, 安排要发生的事.如begin, be, come, go , leave, sail, start, arrive, return, end, stop, open, take off, close, fall, meet, stay, take place, happen 等 Eg. Tomorrow is Monday. When does the plane take off?2.在时间状语从句, 条件状语从句或让步状语从句中, 用一般现在时代替一般将来时 If it rains tomorrow, wel
6、l put off the sports meeting.I need one more stamp before my collection is completed.Even if he doesnt come this Sunday,Ill go fishing by myself.,二、对一般过去时的考查 一般过去时表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状态，它常与表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等
7、。但是一般过去时也经常用在没有说明过去的时间状语的句子中，这是高考的命题方向。I bought a new car three days ago.More than a dozen students in that school _ abroad to study medicine last year.（2005年上海卷） A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent,. .现在进行时: 表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作.时间状语:now ,at the moment, these days, nowadays,at present 一
8、般用法:1. 说话时正发生或正进行的动作 Im giving a lecture.2. 现阶段正在进行而此刻不一定正在进行的动作 Im reading a novel these days. ( but I am not reading it now.)特殊用法:1.表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作, 限于表 示来去, 开始, 结束, 离开， 到达等瞬间意义的动词,Were leaving on Friday.Ive won a holiday for two to Florida.I am taking my mom 2.在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来正在进行的动作
9、Dont mention this when you are talking with him . If she is sleeping , dont wake her up. 3.现在进行时与always, continually, constantly, all the time等副词连用表示反复或习惯性的动作,含有某种感情色彩, 如赞扬, 遗憾, 讨厌,不满等.He is always coming late. (不满) Youre always thinking of others.(赞扬) How are you feeling today? (比How do you feel to
10、day?更为亲切),三、对现在进行时的考查 由上下文语境表示时间。 1) Whats the terrible noise？ The neighbors _ for a party（2004年北京卷） A. have prepared B. are preparing C. prepare D. will prepare 2)Because the shop _, all the T-shirts are sold at half price. （2004年浙江卷34题） has closed down B. closed down C. is closing down D. had clos
11、ed down 3) Are you still busy? Yes, I _ my work, and it wont take long. Ajust finish B. am just finishing Chave just finished D. am just going to finish,4) Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People _ to ask how I am going to spend the money. phone B. will phone C. were ph
12、oning D. are phoning5) Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _ so rapidly. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change,四、对过去进行时的考查 I was walking down the street when it began to rain.,When it began to rain,I was walking,now,1.把过去进行时放在when, wh
13、ile, as 等引导的时间状语从句中考查。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去，动作时间长的用过去进行时，表达谈话背景；动作时间短的用一般过去时，表达新的信息。You were out when I dropped in at your house. Oh, I _ for a friend from England at the airport. （2004年福建卷） A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. have waited,2.把过去进行时放在某特定的语境中考查。Has Sam finished his homework today
14、? I have no idea. He _ it this morning. （2004年全国卷） A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done3.考查过去进行时与一般过去时的比较。 Shirley _a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it.(98） A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing,五、对现在完成时的考查 1.现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在的影响或表示经验。 2.现在完成
15、时表示过去的动作一直延续至今并可能继续下去，常与for或since 等短语连用。,I_(graduate) in 1993 and in that year I _(begin) to teach English in a middle school. I _(teach) there for five years . Five years later ,I _(move) to Pinghu. I_ (teach) senior English in Danghu High School for nearly 9 years ever since then.,graduated,began,
16、taught,moved,have taught/have been teaching,1) He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _ that they wont support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.(2005湖北) were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decide2) Millions of pounds worth of damage _by a storm which swept across the nor
17、th of England last night. （2005重庆） has been caused B. had been caused C. will be caused D. will have been caused,3)The window is dirty. I know. It _ for weeks.（2004全国卷） hasnt cleaned B. didnt clean C. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned注：由终止性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, begin, start, put, stop
18、, start, put, stop, die, fall, buy, borrow, see等构成的完成时不能与for或since引导的时间状语连用。但这些终止性动词的否定式可以与for或since短语连用。 Eg. I havent met him for two years.,3.考查现在完成时与一般过去式的区别： 一般过去时着重说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式等，与现在不发生联系，且句中一般有表示过去的时间状语；而现在完成时只说明现在的情况，对现在有影响。Where _the recorder? I cant see it anywhere.（98NMET） I _ it right h
19、ere. But now its gone. A. did you put; have put B. have you put; put C. had you put; was putting D. were you putting; put,The CCTV has been broadcasting English programs ever since 1977.,六、对现在完成进行时的考查构成: have / has been+ doing 概念: 表示从过去某一时刻发生的动作，一直延续到现在，并且还可能继续下去。,现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别如下：1.现在完成时与现在完成进行时I
20、 have written an article. I have been writing an article. 2.有些延续性动词，如live, teach, work, study, learn, stay等因现在完成时与现在完成进行时差别不大。 I have lived here for ten years. = I have been living here for ten years.Notes：表短暂动作的动词（finish, marry, get up, come, go等）一般不能用现在完成进行时。,强调： 已完成性,强调： 持续性，未完成性,.过去完成时： 过去某时之前业已
21、发生的动作或情况（过去的过去） 时间状语：before, after, once, until, by then end of +过去时间 用法：（定义）By the end of last year , they had treated 30, 000 patients. They had finished all the work before dusk.,We congratulated them on the success they had achieved. 2.表希望, 打算的词如hope, expect, intend, plan, mean, want, think , su
22、ppose可用过去完成时表示本打算/希望做而没做到的事. I had hoped to visit Mount Tai last summer, but I was too busy.(也可表达为hoped to have visited/ was hoping to visit) 3.句型: No sooner had +主语 +done than +主语+ did Hardly/Scarcely had +主语+ done when +主语+ did. 及某些虚拟语气句式. 用过去完成时有一个重要前提, 既两个动作发生在不同时间, 先发生的用完成时, 但如果两个动作紧接着发生, 则可都用一
23、般过去时. After we said goodbye to our friends, we left the village. Just before I left America, I sent them a telegram. When he entered the room, he found them sitting together singing.,1)Now that she is out of a job, Lucy_going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet.（2004年北京卷）had considered B. has
24、been considering C. considered D. is going to consider2) - Hi, Tracy, you look tired. “- I am tired. I _ the living room all day.A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted,七、对过去完成时态的考查 过去完成时，经常以“过去”为背景，要想表达比这一背景更早的动作，即“过去的过去”，常用此时态。Eg. When we got to the theatre, they had sold a
25、ll the tickets. What a pity!, George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding? No, I _. Did they have a big wedding? （2004年湖北卷）A. was not invited B. have not been invited C. hadnt been invited D. didnt invite,常见考点有：把过去完成时放在含有when, before, after, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句的复合句中考查。
26、1) When the old man _ to walk back to his house, the sun _ itself behind the mountain.（2005年湖北卷） A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid,把过去完成时放在by + 过去时间点或by the time + 从句（一般过去时）的句子里考查。By the end of last year, another new gym
27、nasium _ in Beijing.（2003年上海春）A. would be completed B. was being completed C. has been completed D. had been completed,1.-Do you work here?-No, I dont really work here. I _ until the new secretary comes. just help out B. have just helped out C. am just helping out D. will just help out,举一反三破定势,造成思维定
28、式的干扰因素：,comes,从现主将,误选,just,初中老师说：完成时标志,误选B,题眼：,I dont really work here,暂时性工作,正确选项 C,Just 的多义：刚 正 只不过 引起祈使句,2. I _in London for many years，but Ive never regretted my final decision to move back to China. (重庆卷).lived B. was living C. have lived D. had lived,造成思维定势的干扰因素：,for many years,初中老师说：完成时标志,误选C/
29、D,解题关键：,For many years 与现在无联系,一般过去时,A,一句辨析：,1993,Now 2007,1998,9 years,5 years,1 year,I began to teach English in 1993. By 1998 ,I _(teach) English for 5 years. /I _(teach) English in the country for 5 years. Then , I moved to Pinghu and since 1998, I _(teach ) here .That is tosay, I _(teach) English here for 8 years. Now I have got a plan -I _(stay) in the USA for 1 year, brushing up my English.,have taught,taught,have taught/have been teaching,have taught/have been teaching,will study,
