1、PART ONE: ENGLISH LITERATUREAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴I. Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙斯宾塞 II. Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗马洛（英国戏剧家）III. William Shakespeare 莎士比亚IV. Francis Bacon 培根V. John Donne 约翰多恩VI. John Milton 约翰 弥尔顿Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Pe
2、riodI. John Bunyan 班杨 狱中写就天路历程 （The Pilgrims Progress）主人公 Stan and the angels ,是一部 religious allegory 极具宗教讽刺意味的作品II. Alexander Pope 亚历山大 蒲柏（英国诗人）代表作 An Eassay of Criticism,it is a didactic poem 说理诗 III. Daniel Defoe 笛福，作品鲁滨逊漂流记 Robinson crusoe 主人公 克鲁索 代表资产阶级 bourgeoisie IV. Jonathan Swift 乔纳森斯威夫特（英国
3、政治家及小说家）Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin, Ireland on 30 November 1667. His father was dead before Jonathan was born, so his education was arranged by other relatives. Jonathan graduated from Trinity College, Dublin, in 1686 and then went to England to try his luck. Jonathan Swifts representative wo
4、rk is Gullivers travels 格列佛游记He became a very fashionable satiric writer as far as Dublin society was concerned书的战争 （1704） The Battle of the Books 一只桶的故事 （1704） Tale of a Tub 给斯黛拉的日记 （1710-1713） Journal to Stella 布商的信 （1724，1725） Letters of Mercer格列佛游记(初一下，必读书 )（1726） Gullivers Travels The book is d
5、ivided into four parts: Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Laputa, Houyhnhnms.(由小人国、大人国 、飞岛国、慧马国四部分游记组成。) 一个温和的建议 （1729） A Modest Proposal V. Henry Fielding 亨利菲尔丁（18 世纪最杰出的英国小说家，戏剧家） (22 April 1707 8 October 1754) an English novelist and dramatist known for his rich earthy（朴实的） humor and satirical ability, and
6、the author of the novel Tom Jones. 汤姆琼斯 or Fieldings language is easy ,unlaboured and familiar,but extremely vivid and vigorous.Fieldings works belongs to realism.现实主义v 英国第一个伟大的小说家，英国小说得以定型的奠基人。是十八世纪英国四大现实主义作家之一,也是十八世纪欧洲最杰出的现实主义小说家之一。菲尔丁出生于英国西南部格拉斯顿伯里附近的一个贵族家庭。父亲是上校军官，母亲是一位大法官的女儿。少年时代的菲尔丁过着富裕的生活，幼年受
7、教于一个牧师，随后在伊顿公学接受中等教育。在16岁以前，他已经精通了希腊文和拉丁文，读了许多古典名著。1728年即21岁时，他赴荷兰的莱顿大学学习语言，兼攻法律。Filelding has been regarded by some as :Father of the English Novel“for his contribution of the establishment of the form of the modern novel ，both in theory and the practice .Not only the external behaviors but also th
8、e internal workings of the minds Tom Jones (a bastard of Squire 乡绅 Allworthy主人公琼斯是一个热情洋溢的有血有肉的人。他本性善良，对人忠实诚恳，宽宏大量，豪爽侠义，情感真挚，充满着活力和生机，同时，他又落拓不羁的。 女主人公苏菲娅是一个纯洁、美丽、善良的少女，温柔、娴淑、孝顺，可是当她的自由和幸福受到威胁时，在她的心灵深处立刻会迸发出反抗专横和暴力的绝大勇气。关于她的婚姻问题，她理直气壮地对她姑母说：“我绝对不和一个我所厌恶的男人结婚。如果我答应过我的父亲不违反他的愿望去结婚，那么，我认为我也可以希望他不至于违反我的愿望
9、强迫我结婚”Theme v Virtue and Vice：善与恶The highlighted virtue is prudence（智慧）, and the featured vices are hypocrisy and vanity. VI. Samuel Johnson 塞缪尔 约翰逊（18 世纪英国作家，批评家Johnsons Dictionary offers insights into the 18th century and “a faithful record of the language people used”. It is more than a reference
10、 book; it is a work of literature. 约翰逊字典是一本可读性相当高的著作，充满典雅的文学词句以及各种古怪有趣的知识。它最大特色是它的例句广泛取材自著名的文学作品，如莎士比亚（Shakespeare） 、约翰 弥尔顿（Milton） 、阿狄生（Addison ） 、培根（Francis Bacon） 、蒲伯（Pope） 、圣经（the Bible）等等，当代著述一概不取Samuel Johnsons letter to Lord Chesterfield 致切斯特菲尔德伯爵书 reveals his dissatisfaction toward the lord.
11、Johnsons letter to Chesterfield is supposed to be the “first” declaration of Emancipation 解放 of authors from their patrons.赞助人Previously authors needed to have noble patrons to fund their works. Now, Johnson stated concisely that his work was his own and needed no support by Chesterfield. Johnson wr
12、ote a letter to Chesterfield in elegant and civil（客气） terms, but crafted in such a way as to show that Johnson was contemptuous(鄙视） of Lord Cs praise and did not any need of it whatsoever. VII. Richard Brinsley Sheridan。Richard Brinsley Sheridan was born in Dublin on 30th October 1751. Sheridans par
13、ents moved to London and in 1762 he was sent to Harrow School. After six years at Harrow he went to live with his father in Bath who had found employment there as an elocution（演讲） teacher. 理查德布林斯莱谢立丹（Richard Brinsley Sheridan） （17511816）具有多方面才能，以戏剧成就最大。他生于都柏林，父亲是著名演员和剧院经理。他在贵族学校哈娄公学学习，又进过父亲办的学校。1772
14、 年他护送歌手伊利莎白林莱去法国，并为她两次与人决斗，终于在 1773 年与她结婚。为谋生，他开始戏剧创作，1776 年任朱瑞街剧院经理。第二年，他成为约翰逊“文学社”的成员。1780 年，谢立丹当选为众院议员，从此活跃于政界。他在议会中发表弹劾贪污、残酷的印度总督华伦海斯丁的著名演说。他反对对美战争、对法战争，反对对爱尔兰起义的镇压。他历任外交部副大臣、财政大臣等职。但是他的晚年生活不幸，朱瑞街剧院被禁，1813 年由于经济困难，他不得不结束长达 32 年的议会生涯。1816 年，谢立丹逝于贫困中。为谢立丹带来巨大声誉的是他的喜剧情敌和造谣学校 。谢立丹发展了风俗喜剧传统，创作了英国戏剧史上
15、优秀的喜剧作品。II Appreciation of The School for Scandal is a comedy of manners(风尚喜剧） . The comedy of manners satirizes the manners and affectations of a social class, often represented by stock characters, such as the miles gloriosus（拉丁，自吹自擂的士兵角色） in ancient times, the fop（花花公子） and the rake（放荡之人） during
16、the Restoration, or an old person pretending to be young. The plot of the comedy, often concerned with an illegal love affair or some other scandal, is generally less important than its witty and often vulgar dialogue. 对造谣学校的评价School for Scandal” is an excellent example of a Comedy of Manners. It is
17、 an obvious attack on the superficiality of the upper class, pointing up their lack of morals and misplaced attentions.In a Comedy of Manners, the characters are very clear and you know exactly who they are the moment they appear, not just by their appearance and actions, but by their names. Lady Sn
18、eerwell, Sir Benjamin Backbite, and Snake all carry their negative qualities in their names. The Surface brothers are all about whats on the surface - Joseph appears moral but really isnt while Charles presents the opposite.造谣学校由此展现给读者两个性格不同的弟兄，弟弟查尔斯是一个挥霍成性的浪荡子，但是宅心忠厚真性善良；哥哥是表面上循规蹈矩，满口仁义道德的文质彬彬的君子，实
19、则是贪婪伪善的小人。经过几度测验，终于露出了本来面目，显示了无所逃遁的真形，其间高潮迭起，趣味横生. 长舌妇是很普遍的一个类型，专好谈论人家的私事，嫉人有、笑人无，对于有名望有财富有幸福生活的人们，便格外的喜欢蜚短流长，总要诽谤嘲笑，对话讽刺尖刻又诙谐机智，妙趣横生。谢立丹还精心结构，两条线索协调统一，剧中充满出色的喜剧场面，查尔斯拍卖家庭肖像的场面和约瑟夫暴露真相的屏风场景最为有名。谢立丹的喜剧具有鲜活的生命力，成为莎士比亚与伯纳肖之间的重要联系。谢立丹创作造谣学校 （1777）戏中有两条情节线索。一条线索写约瑟夫和查尔斯兄弟俩，构成对比关系。约瑟夫是伪善者，极端利己却道貌岸然，查尔斯行为不
20、检但心地善良，他们都追求彼得提泽尔爵士的保护人玛丽亚。他们的叔父从国外归来，化装成高利贷者和穷亲戚，分别去试控兄弟俩，揭露了约瑟夫，查尔斯以他的慷慨和善良得到了叔父的财产、赢得心上人。另一条线索则是出身寒微、嫁给年老的爵土的提泽尔夫人，在道德败坏的“文明”风气影响下，染上贵族女子的一些恶习，险些失身给约瑟夫；在丈夫的感化下，她悔悟自己的行为，夫妇和好。作者对上流社会造谣中伤、伪善和淫逸放荡风气进行了揭露。以斯尼威尔夫人为首的社交界男女，搬弄是非， “一句话就能毁了一个人的名誉” 。VIII. Thomas Gray1716-1771代表作 The Old Castle of Otranto17
21、64Chapter 3 The Romantic Period1798-1832Time of English Romanticism: turn of 18th and 19th3. Background of English RomanticismIndustrial RevolutionSocial contradictionsAmerican and French revolutionsLiberty, equality and fraternity英国是最早出现浪漫主义文学的国家之一。英国的浪漫主义文学代表了 19 世纪欧洲浪漫主义文学的最高成就。英国浪漫主义内部思想精神复杂，有柯勒
22、律治的浪漫的超自然主义、华兹华斯的英国国教的正统主义、雪莱的无神论的精神主义、拜伦的革命的自由主义、司各特的对以往时代的缅怀，等等。但英国的浪漫主义还是有着鲜明的英国气质，即“自然主义”。浪漫主义思潮中就形成两种对立的流派，即积极浪漫主义(Active Romanticism)和消极浪漫主义(Passive Romanticism)。积极浪漫主义是进步的潮流，敢于正视现实，批判社会的黑暗，它引导人们向前看，消极浪漫主义属反动的逆流，采取消极逃避的态度，反对现状，留恋过去，它引导人们往后看。I. William Blake代表作 老虎 The tiger To understand “The T
23、yger“ fully, we need to know Blakes symbols. One of the central themes in his major works is that of the Creator as a blacksmith. This is both God the Creator (personified in Blakes myth as Los) and Blake himself (again with Los as his alter-ego.) 天真之歌 The song of innocence 、 经验之歌布莱克（1757 - 1827）生活在
24、工业革命刚刚起步的英国。他用老虎来象征所有掠夺性的，可怕的和神秘的事物；用羔羊来比喻纯朴的，温和的和善良的事物。他不可理解造出了温顺羔羊的同一个造物主也造出了凶狠而嗜血成性的老虎。 老虎一诗既描写了老虎威风凛凛的英姿（第一节） ，但也更多的却是描叙了作者想象出来的造物如何造就这一庞然大物的过程细节。II. William WordsworthWorks1. Themes The beauty of nature, rural life, harmony between humanity and nature sufferings of the poor people2. Major works
25、I wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我孤独漫游着像一片云 1Composed upon Westminster bridge 威斯敏特桥上 September 3,1802/ It describes a vivd picture of a beautiful morning in London 2lucy poems -She Dwelt Among the Untrodden ways(1)主人公 lucy 3The Solitary Reaper 4 Wordsworths fame lies chiefly in his short poems. His shor
26、t poems fall into 2 categories: poems about nature and poems about human life. He is a “worshipper of nature”. It is nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of grace”. 华兹华斯的诗以描写自然风光、田园景色、乡民村姑、少男少女闻名于世。文笔朴素清新，自然流畅，一反新古典主义平板、典雅的风格，开创了新鲜活泼的浪漫主义诗风。1798 年华兹华斯与柯尔律治共同发表的抒情歌谣集宣告了浪漫主义新诗的诞生。华兹华斯在 1
27、800 年抒情歌谣集第二版的序言中详细阐述了浪漫主义新诗的理论，主张以平民的语言抒写平民的事物、思想与感情，被誉为浪漫主义诗歌的宣言。 华兹华斯的诗歌在深度与广度方面得到进一步的发展，在描写自然风光、平民事物之中寓有深意，寄托着自我反思和人生探索的哲理思维。完成于 1805 年、发表于 1850 年的长诗序曲则是他最具有代表性的作品。Brief CommentsWordsworth is the representative poet of English romanticism Wordsworths poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and
28、 purity of his language.III. Samuel Taylor Coleridge 柯勒律治 Coleridges representative work is Kubla Khan.His famous friendship with Wordsworth began in 1797. All his life he had suffered from numerous painful physical ailments, but he managed to leave the world his masterpieces, and yielded the great
29、flower “Lyrical Ballads”. Major works Demonic poems 恶魔诗歌 The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Kubla Khan 忽必烈汗 Chtristabel Conversational poems 对话诗 Frost at Morning Dejection: An Ode (沮丧） Essays 随笔 Biographia Literaria 文学传记 Lectures on Shakespeare Philosophical work: Aids to Reflection (1825) Comments Col
30、eridge was an important poet of the passive romantic school. He was not only an important poet, but also a literary critic. He was the first critic of the Romantic school. He was a highly gifted man but a great dreamer, who made big plans without the will to carry them out. He was a wonderful lectur
31、er, regarded by many as one of the wonders of the age, whose talk never lost its almost “incantatory power”.IV. George Gordon Byron 拜伦Works1. Narrative poetry:叙事诗歌Childe Harolds Pilgrimage 哈罗德游记.(1812-1818)Oriental Tales 东方叙事诗 (1813-1816)Comments1. Byron was one of the three representatives of the a
32、ctive romantic school, the other two being Shelley and his works served as a stimulus to many prominent writers in different countries. 5. Byrons shortcoming is seen in his look, down upon the people and his illusions in the primitive human society as preferable to capitalist “civilization”. This sh
33、ows his limit of time he couldnt yet see a better solution to the social problems then, and was often pessimisticV. Percy Bysshe Shelley珀西比希 雪莱，英国浪漫主义诗人，1792年生于苏萨科斯郡一个贵族家庭， 12岁被送进伊顿贵族学校受教育1810年入牛津大学学习，第二年因发表无神论的必然性小册子被牛津大学开除，不久到都柏林参加爱尔兰人民的民族独立运动。1813年发表第一部长诗麦布女王 ，抨击封建制度的专横无道和英国资本主义制度的剥削，反映劳动人民的悲惨境遇，
34、引起了英国资本主义阶级的仇视，1818年被迫侨居意大利。1818年发表长诗伊斯兰的起义 ，借用东方的故事歌颂资产阶级革命，抨击欧洲反动的封建势力。1819年完成诗剧解放了的普罗米修斯 ，诗剧采用古代神话题材，表达了反抗专制统治的斗争必将获胜的信念和空想社会主义的理想。同年完成的诗体悲剧钦契一家取材于意大利的历史故事，表达了反抗暴君的思想，是雪莱最具创造性的作品之一。雪莱还创作了致英国人民 、 1819年的英国 、 暴政的假面游行等政治抒情诗，强烈谴责封建统治集团的罪行，号召人民为自由而斗争。雪莱在云 The cloud 、 Men of England 致云雀 、 西风颂 ode to the
35、 west eind等抒情诗 lyric poetry 中，通过描写自然景象寄托自己的思想感情，作品想象丰富，音韵和谐，节奏明快，在英国诗歌史上占有重要地位。 Bysshe Shelley was born in 1792, into a wealthy Sussex family which eventually attained minor noble. The poets father was a member of Parliament and a country gentleman. The young Shelley entered Eton, a prominent school
36、 for boys, at the age of twelve. 这里，西风已经成了一种象征，它是一种无处不在的宇宙精神，一种打破旧世界，追求新世界的西风精神。诗人以西风自喻，表达了自己对生活的信念和向旧世界宣战的决心VI. John Keats 约翰济慈 ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮咏 VII. Jane Austen 简奥斯汀（英国作家）Pride and Prejudice1813Sense and Sensibility1811理智与情感Chapter 4 The Victorian Period1836-1901I. Charles Dickens 查尔斯狄更斯（
37、英国作家）II. The Bronte Sisters 勃朗特三姐妹by Charlotte Bronte Emily Bronte Anne BronteIII. Alfred Tennyson 亚弗烈但尼生 Break break break is written in memory of Tennysons best friend ,Authur HallamCrossing the bar Ulysses（希腊神话中男子名，也是爱尔兰意识流文学作家詹姆斯 乔伊斯小说名1 阿尔弗雷德丁尼生(Afred Tennyson, 1809-1892)生于林肯郡的萨默斯比的一个牧师家庭，少有诗名，
38、12岁时便写出了6000行的史诗，18岁时与其兄出版了两兄弟诗集(Poems by Two Brothers，1827) 。1828年，丁尼生进入剑桥大学，继续诗歌创作，并结识哈勒姆(Arthur Henry Hallam)。1831年，因父亲去世，丁尼生被迫辍学，两年后，他的挚友哈勒姆又英年早逝，使他深受打击，此后10年内未发表诗作. 在此期间，丁尼生贫困潦倒，但仍然在写诗。1842年，丁尼生又开始发表新诗，从此诗名与日俱增。1850年，他被封为桂冠诗人。丁尼生是维多利亚时期的主要诗人，他的诗歌语言极富音乐感和表现力，其主要诗作有公主(The Princess, 1847)、 悼念(In M
39、emoriam A. H. H., 1850)、 毛黛(Maud, 1855)、 伊诺克阿登(Enoch Arden, 1864)和国王之歌(Idylls of the King 1859-1885)等。四，Thomas Hardy 托马斯 哈代Tess of the Durbervilles 德伯家的苔丝Chapter 5 The Modern PeriodI. George Bernard Shaw 乔治 萧伯纳（英国剧作家）Mrs Warrens Profession: it is a play about the ecoomic oppression of women .George
40、Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 November 1950) was an Irishplaywrightand a co-founder of the London School of Economics. Although his first profitable writing was musicand literary criticism, in which capacity he wrote many highly articulate pieces of journalism, his main talent was for drama, and he wro
41、te more than 60 plays. Nearly all his writings address prevailing social problems, but have a vein of comedy which makes their stark themes more palatable. Shaw examined education, marriage, religion, government, health care, and class privilege. He was most angered by what he perceived as the explo
42、itation of the working class. An ardent socialist, Shaw wrote many brochures and speeches for theFabian Society. 萧伯纳（George Bernard Shaw，1856年7月26日1950年11月2日） ，直译为 乔治伯纳 萧，爱尔兰剧作家，1925年因为作品具有理想主义和人道主义而获诺贝尔文学奖，是英国现代杰出的现实主义戏剧作家，是世界著名的擅长幽默与讽刺的语言大师。萧伯纳的一生，是和社会主义运动发生密切关系的一生，他认真研读过资本论 ，公开声言他“是一个普通的无产者”， “一个
43、社会主义者”。 19世纪的英国戏剧一蹶不振，萧伯纳认为戏剧应该依赖对立思想的冲突和不同意见的辩论来展开。不过，当他听了评剧家朗诵了易卜生的剧本 培尔 金特后，感受到“一刹那间，这位伟大诗人的魔力打开了我的眼睛。 ”才开始对戏剧产生浓厚的兴趣，安下心来研究易卜生的剧本，并写下了易卜生主义的精华一书，这部书在欧洲戏剧史上有着重要的地位。在易卜生的影响下，萧伯纳看清了戏剧这个武器，不仅能扫荡英国舞台的污秽，而且能倾诉自己对这个黑暗现实社会的不满，于是，他立志要革新英国的戏剧。 1892年，萧伯纳正式开始创作剧本，他的第一个戏剧集不愉快的戏剧集 ，其中包括鳏夫的财产 、华伦夫人的职业 、 荡子三个剧本
44、；第二个戏剧集包含有武器与人等4部剧本；第三个戏剧集为清教徒而写的戏剧集包含魔鬼的门徒等3个剧本。他的戏剧果真改变了19世纪末英国舞台的阴霾状况，他本人也成为了戏剧界的革新家，掀开了英国戏剧史的新一页。II. John Galsworthy 约翰 高尔斯华绥He won theNobel Prize in Literature in 1932.John Galsworthy (August 1867 31 January 1933) was an English novelist and playwright. Notable works includeThe Forsyte Saga 福尔赛
45、世家 (19061921) and its sequels, A Modern Comedy and End of the Chapter. o 约翰高尔斯华绥（john Galsworthy，18671933）英国小说家、剧作家。出生于伦敦一个富裕的中产阶级家庭。父亲是伦敦的大律师，并经营好几家公司。高尔斯华绥毕业于牛津大学法律系，1890年取得律师资格。1891至1893年游历欧洲，结识了约瑟夫康拉德，成为莫逆之交。 1932年，高尔斯华绥“因其描述的卓越艺术这种艺术在福尔赛世家中达到高峰”而获诺贝尔奖。o Bookso 1.1 The Man of Property (1906)o 1.
46、2 Indian Summer of a Forsyte (1918)o 1.3 In Chancery (1920)o 1.4 Awakening (1920)1.5 To Let (1921)BooksThe Man of Property (1906) is about upper class In this first novel of the Forsyte Saga, after introducing us to the impressive array of Forsytes headed by the formidable Aunt Ann, Galsworthy moves
47、 into the main action of the saga by detailing Soames Forsytes desire to own things, including his beautiful wife, Irene Forsyte (ne Heron). He is jealous of her friendships and wants her to be his alone. He concocts a plan to move her to the country, to Robin Hill and a house he had built, away fro
48、m everyone she knows and cares about. She resists his grasping intentions and falls in love with the architect Philip Bosinney who has been engaged by Soames to build the house. However, Bosinney is the fianc of her friend June Forsyte, the daughter of Soamess cousin Jolyon. There is no happy ending
49、: Irene leaves Soames after he rapes her, and Bosinney dies under the wheels of a cab after being driven frantic by the news of Irenes rape by Soames.edit Indian Summer of a Forsyte (1918)In a short interlude after The Man of Property, Galsworthy delves into the newfound friendship between Irene and Old Jolyon Forsyte (Junes grandfather, and by n
