1、高三复习,名词冠词数词主谓一致代词it 的用法形容词与副词介词与连词动词的时态与语态情态动词与虚拟语气非谓语动词简单句与并列句复合句倒装句与强调句插入语与省略情景交际用语,名词,名词, 名词分类： 1.概念：名词是表示人，事物，地方，现象及其他抽象概念名称的词。 2.分类：如下所示,名词的数,可数名词的规则变化 一般情况 绝大多数名词的复数形式是在单数形式后加-s构成。-s在清辅音后读s, 在浊辅音和元音后读z。book-books apple-apples plane-planes bear-bears 2. 以s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词 复数形式在名词后加-es,读作iz. bu
2、s-buses box-boxes match-matches bush-bushes 以字母y结尾的名词 以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词明构成复数时，把y变i再加es,读作iz。fly-flies以元音字母加-y结尾的名词复数形式直接在词尾加-s。Boy-boys, day-days以-y结尾的专有名词，变为复数时，直接在后面加-s.,4. 以f，fe结尾的名词,直接加sRoof, proof, cliff, safe, handkerchief,变f,fe 为v, 再加es, 读作vz 树叶半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去割粮，架后窜出一匹狼，就像小偷逃命亡。Leaf, half, self, wife
3、, knife, shelf, wolf, thief, life.,以字母o结尾的名词,以辅音字母+o结尾的名词其复数多数加-es构成。hero, Negro，potato, tomato , volcano , torpedo,以元音字母+o结尾的名词，以及部分以o结尾的外来词，变为复数时只加-s.词尾 s 读z bamboo, zoo, radio, piano, photo, kilo, video, studio, zero,.可数名词的不规则变化,变元音字母 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, goos
4、e-geese变词尾 child-children, ox-oxen, phenomenon-phenomena单复数同形 fish, deer, sheep, means, Swiss, Chinese只用复数形式的名词 clothes, trousers, glasses, goods, scissors, compasses圆规, scales天平 字母，数字，符号，缩略词的复数,复合词的复数形式 （1）含主体词的复合词将主体词变为复数 door-watcher -door-watchers 门卫 passer-by-passers-by 过路人 son-in-law-sons-in-l
5、aw 女婿 （2）不含主体词的复合名词，在词尾加-s。 go-between-go-betweens 中间人 grown-up-grown-ups 成年人 forget-me-not-forget-me-nots 勿忘我 （3）由man和woman构成的复合名词，两部分都要变为复数。,man doctor-men doctors男医生man servant-men servants 男佣woman engineer-women engineers 女工,有些名词形式上虽是单数，意义上却是复数 cattle牛（总称） police 警察 public 公众,有些名词形式上是复数，意义上却是单数n
6、ews 消息 politics 政治 physics物理 maths数学 . 不可数名词不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，包括抽象名词，物 质名词和专有名词，如health, wood, America。不可数名词不可使用复数或加不定冠词，其谓语动词须用单数形式。1. 常见的不可数名词：advice, air, bread, butter, cloth, clothing, coffee, fruit, fun, furniture, grass, harm, homework, housework, work, information, knowledge, luck, meat, medici
7、ne, money, milk, music, news, paper, progress, rice, rubbish, snow, soap, sugar, trouble, water, wealth, weather等。2. 不可数名词表示数量时要与单位名词连用 Piece(片，则，块，张，支等) a piece of advice, bread, chalk, cloth, furniture, information, meat, news, paper Bit (点，块，则) a bit of advice, bread, news, music, trouble, wood,s
8、heet (块，张，片) a sheet of cloth, paper article(件) an article of clothing, furniture,3.一些物质名词有时以复数形式出现，表示不同类别a lot of fish许多鱼 fishes 很多种类的鱼fruit 水果 friuts 各种水果food 食物 foods 各种食物 4. 有些词确定其可数与不可数，须根据具体情况而定 paper 纸 U报纸，文件，试卷，论文 C room 空间，余地 U房间 C work 工作，劳动 U作品，著作，工艺品 C, time 时间U 次数， 倍数，时代 C cloth 布 U 表示专
9、门用途的布 C glass 玻璃 U 玻璃杯，眼镜 C wood 木头 U 树林 C water 水 U 水的流量，容积 C iron 铁 U 熨斗 C,5. 抽象名词具体化 表示抽象的特性，状态，思维，行为的一次，一种，一类，一下，一顿等，常组成a/an + （形容词）+ 抽象名词,an art 一门艺术 （ 指种类） a life 一种生活 （指种类 ） a population of 人口为 （指一个数据） a knowledge of 知识 （指一门学问） a breakfast/lunch/supper 一顿的早餐/午餐/晚餐, 表示具有某种特性，状态，特点，情感，情绪的人或事的抽象
10、名词，前加冠词或为复数形式时，词义发生了变化。,beauty 美丽condition 状况a man of experience 经验have pity on sb. 怜悯in surprise 惊奇with pleasure 乐意 wonder 惊奇 worry 担忧youth 青春,a beauty 美人conditions 环境 an experience/experiences经历Its a pity. / What a pity! a surprise 奇异的事a pleasure 乐事a wonder 奇迹a worry 令人担忧的事a youth 年轻人, 专有名词 专有名词一般
11、表示独一无二的事物，第一个字母大写。专有名词多表示人名，地名，团体，机构，组织等专有名称。专有名词可分为无冠词的专有名词和有冠词的专有名词 。,无冠词的专有名词 人名和称呼Lu Xun Tom Smith 地名和地理名称Beijing China Asia 星期，月份和节假日Monday Womens Day 由专有名词+普通名词组成的地名 Oxford Road Kennedy Airport 用地名命名的大学名称可以有2种形式 London University or the University of London 用人名命名的大学通常只有一种形式 Yale University,2.
12、带冠词的专有名词 由普通名词或形容词构成的专有名词前带the the Great Wall the Summer Palace 由普通名词+专有名词或专有名词+普通名词构成的专有名词前带thethe Peoples Republic of China the New York Times 表示全体国民的专有名词前带thethe Chinese the French 表示一家人或夫妻二人的前带the,the Smiths 报刊，书籍，杂志的专有名词前带the the Times the Bible 以人名为书名或作者名字表示作品时，不用the 团体机构，学校, 医院，公共建筑的名称前带the t
13、he United Nations 联合国 the Leaning Tower of Pisa 比萨斜塔 the Middle School Attached to Tsinghua University 清华附中 the Peoples Hospital 人民医院 江河，海洋，湖泊，运河，海湾，海峡，山脉，群岛，森林，平原，盆地，沙漠等专有名词前带the the Yellow River the Pacific Ocean, 名词所有格 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式称之为名词所有格,1.表示有生命的东西的名词所有格(1) 单数名词加-sthe dogs tail (2) 不以s结尾的复数
14、名词后加-sthe childrens rooms (3) 以s结尾的复数名词后加-the birds nests (4) 复合名词的所有格和短语的所有格在最后的词后加-s her son-in-laws car,(5) 并列名词表示各自所属时，须在两个名词之后各加-s；b表示共同所属时，在最后一个名词后加-s。 M ary s and Toms fathers M ary and Toms father (6) 以s结尾的专有名词的所有格，一般加-s或-。 Dickens or Dickenss books (7) 表示店铺，某人的家，私人开的诊所，餐馆等，通常省略所有格后面的名词。 at
15、his uncles 在他叔叔的家 at the dentists 在牙医诊所 at the hairdressers 在美发店 (8) 若名词后有同位语，其所有格的-s应加在同位语后。 my younger cousin, Jimmys jeep,2. 表示无生命的东西的所有格,表示无生命东西的名词的所有关系时，通常用of+名词的形式。the bed of the river the title of this report (2) 表示有生命的东西的名词，如果名词较长或名词的定语较长，也可以用of+名词来表示所有关系。the works of Shakespeare, Hugo, Wolf
16、 the name of the girl killed in the accident (3) 表示时间，距离，集体，城市，国家，团体，机构及某些习惯用语中的名词，可以用-s表示所有关系。todays newspaper ten minutes walk the governments call the towns history,3. 双重所有格 双重所有格就是由名词后加-s 和of 结构所有格形式构成的 of + -s 的结构。表达所拥有事物的一类或一个。,a friend of Johns = one of Johns friendsa book of mine = one of my
17、 books this young son of the doctors = one of the doctors young sons, 名词作定语 有些名词没有同义的形容词形式，所以常常直接作形容词用来修饰另一个名词。,常用名词作定语的搭配 Beijing University A gas station Students union Body temperature The chief editor The kitchen window Mother crocodile The dinner party The Spring Festival A bus driver A story b
18、ook A diamond ring,2. 名词作定语vs形容词vs 名词所有格的区别 名词作定语可以表示类别，性质，材料，用途等。boy students coffee cup 名词所有格作定语表示所属关系形容词作定语主要表示名词的性质，状态。a dust bag 装灰的袋子a dusty bag 布满灰尘的袋子, 名词的句法功能,主语 表语 宾语 宾语补足语 定语 状语 同位语 呼语,Yesterday a boy came to see you. Edison was a world-famous inventor. Would you like some banana? We chos
19、e him monitor of our class. They will meet at the school gate. The new film will last two hours. Mr. Green, my first teacher, died yesterday. Boys and girls, please look at the paper in my hand.,冠词,冠词,. 不定冠词a/an的用法 1.表示泛指某人，某物或类属中的任何一个。 A parrot can talk like a person, but it cant think like a perso
20、n. 2. 表示单位量词的每一或数量一个。 Take three pills a day and you will get better. 与one不同之处在于，one 是强调数量上是一个，而不是其他两个或多个；与时间的名词搭配时只能用one，而不能用a/an。,3. 第一次提到时用a/an 4. 用在不可数名词前使其具体化 I want a coffee. What a heavy rain! 5. 用在专有名词前，表示类似的一个或某一个。 A Mr. Smith wishes to speak to you. 6. 在of +a/an +名词的结构中表示“同一个”意思。 He and I
21、are of an age. The two pairs of shoes are of a size. 7. 序数词前表示又一个 He asks a third cup of coffee. 8. 用于同源宾语前 live a happy life dream a sweet dream,9. 在某些固定词组里 once upon a time 从前 turn a deaf ear to 不愿听 a few 几个 a little 少许 a great deal of 许多 a bit 一点 all of a sudden 突然 in a hurry 匆忙 in a word 一句话，总之
22、an average of 平均 do sb. a favor 帮某人个忙,. 定冠词the的用法,表示特定的人或物定冠词用在名词前表示特指，指某个特定的人，事物或已知的人，物，事或群体。特别是当名词后面有定语限定时，名词前面一般都要用定冠词。 Do you know the man standing by the window? 2. 用于单数名词前，表示类别(相当于不定冠词表示类别) The lion is a wild animal. The wolf hunts at night. 3. 用在表示世界上独一无二的事物前 The earth is bigger than the moon
23、.,4. 用在表地点，方位，时间的名词前 on the left from the west in the city in the country in the afternoon 5. 用于表示全体国民，阶级等的名词前 the Chinese the working class 6. 用于某些乐器前 play the piano 7. 与某些形容词连用，表示一类人 the rich the young,8. 用于姓氏，江河湖海山岛，报刊，党派等名词前 the Smiths the Times the Chinese Communist Party 9. 用于形容此或副词的比较级(两者比较)和
24、最高级前，序数词前 Is this the best choice he can make? He is always the first to come . Which is the more interesting story of the two?,10. 习惯用语 All the time all the same on the other hand in the end in the day time at the back of by the way on the whole,三. 零冠词（不用冠词） 1. 名词在介词后表示抽象概念时 当名词转化为抽象义时前面不加冠词,不具体指某一
25、事物,而指某种行为活动.这种情况常见于一些固定短语中. go to bed go by bus 2. 日期，节日，季节，月份前 表示季节，月份，星期的名词，如果不表示某一特定时间，前面不用冠词。 If winter comes, can spring be far ? 3. 在表示三餐，球类运动和棋类运动的名词前 I like rice for supper. He likes playing football. Lets play chess. 4. 表示学科，语言的名词前,Chinese will be one of the most important languages in futu
26、re. 5. man 泛指人类时 Man can save the earth, man can destroy the earth. 6. 用于某些固定短语 go to bed/ school at home/ school on hand at night/ noon/ midnight after school by bus/ train/ plane/ bike in fact on foot in time on time by chance for example,四. 易混词组 in front of 在前面（范围之外） in the front of 在前部 （范围之内） in
27、 place of 代替 in the place of 在位置/地方 in word 口头上 in a word 总之 go to school 上学 go to the school 到某学校去 go to college 上大学 go to the college 到某大学 in prison 坐牢 in the prison 在监狱（工作） on earth 到底，究竟 on the earth 在地球上,go to church 做礼拜 go to the church 去教堂 in hospital 住院 in the hospital 在医院里 take place 发生 tak
28、e the place of 代替 at table 吃饭 at the table 在桌子旁边 out of question 不成问题 out of the question 不可能 four of us 我们中四人 the four of us 我们四人都 of age 成年 of an age 同岁 lose heart 灰心 lose ones heart to 喜欢，迷上,名词与冠词相关练习题,1. In face of _ failure, it is the most important to keep up _ good state of mind. A. /; a B. a
29、;/ C. the;/ D. a; the 2. Do you know _ speaker of _ Chinese language also has difficulty in learning_ Japanese? A. the; the; a B. a; the;/ C. the; the; the D. a;/; the 3. Its clear that _ little money he earns can hardly support _ family as large as his. A. the; a B. a; the C. /; a D. /; the 4. I ha
30、ve _ history because it gives us _ knowledge of past events. A. /;a B. the; a C. /;/ D. a; the 5. _ England of those years was _ England in peace. A. /;/ B. The; an C. The; / D. /; an,6. Most people prefer to travel on _ train, because you can have a comfortable journey , but make sure get _ fast on
31、e. A. the; the B. a; the C. the; a D. /;a 7. Antarcticas future is important for us all. Now, however, mans never-ending _ for minerals threatens the ecosystem(生态系统) there. A. wish B. idea C. desire D. dream 8. Is it worth going all out for success at the _ of your health? A. expense B. exchange C.
32、existence D. evidence 9. -Thats me when I got married. See what I look like now? - Why not go on a diet to get into _?,A. shape B. form C. appearance D. body 10. I dont think all such words should be allowed to use in written English. In my opinion, there are _ that should be kept up. A. degrees B.
33、levels C. standards D. limits 11. -Excuse me, sir. Can I take some paper? -Sure, its free of _. A. fare B. charge C. money D. pay 12. With no rain for three months, and the food supplies running out , the present _ here is getting worse. A. case B. condition C. state D. situation 13. I try to make h
34、im understand that Im not interested in him, but he never gets the _. A. information B. news C. message D. words,14. In order to buy his favourite books, he is going to save money to attend a book _. A. fair B. exhibition C. show D. store 15. The children were surprised by the sudden _ of their teac
35、her. A. enter B. entrance C. entry D. entering 16. According to the new report , personal _ of guns in the USA causes a lot of trouble. A. wealth B. possession C. need D. matter 17. In time of social reform, peoples state of mind tends to keep _ with the rapid changes of society . A. step B. touch C
36、. progress D. pace 18. You have missed your _ . You have to queue up there and wait for the next round. A. chance B. turn C. line D. time,19. Its accepted _ to pay a deposit with ones order in commercial campaigns. A. habit B. hobby C. practice D. exercise 20. -What was it, Ted? -Just a(n) _ in my s
37、houlder. Its gone now. A. injury B. ache C. wound D. pain 21. “I dont think its my _ that the TV blew up. I just turned it on, thats all,” said the boy. A. error B. mistake C. fault D. duty 22. Life is tough in the city. In order to lose their _, some people drink alcohol. A . temper B. mood C. cons
38、ciousness D. pressures 23. Paper money was in _ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _ thirteenth century.,A. the; / B. the; the C. /; the D. /;/ 24. The sign reads “In case of _ fire, break the glass and push _ red button.” A. /;a B. /; the C. the; the D. a; a 25. If you go by _ trai
39、n, you can have quite a comfortable journey ,but make sure you get _ fast one. A. the; the B. /;a C. the; a D. /; / 26. If you grow up in _ large family , you are more likely to develop _ ability to get on well with _ others. A. /; an; the B. a; the; / C. the; an; the D. a; the; the 27. After dinner
40、 he gave Mr. Richardon _ ride to _ Caputal Airport. A. the; a B. a; the C. /;a D. /; the,28. Mrs. Taylor has _ 8-year-old daughter who has _ gift for painting -she has won two national prizes. A. a; a B. an; the C. an; a D. the; a 29. I cant remember when exactly the Robinsons left _ city. I only re
41、member it was _ Monday. A. the; the B. a; the C. a; a D. the; a 30. -Would you like _, sir? -No, thanks. I have had much. A. some more oranges B. any more oranges C. some more orange D. any more orange,1.A 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.A 10.C 11.B 12.D 13.C 14.A 15.C 16.B 17.D 18.B 19.C 20.D 21.C 22
42、.D 23.C 24.B 25.B 26.B 27.B 28.C 29.D 30.C,数词,数词,基数词 1. 基数词的构成,(1) 基数词21-99 须在十位与个位之间加连字符“-” 21 twenty-one (2) 基数词101-999 须在百位后加and 101 one hundred and one (3) 英语中无“万”和“亿”，分别用十千和一百个百万来表示 10,000 ten thousand 100,000,000 one hundred million 2. 基数词的用法 (1) 基数词可与hundred, thousand, million, billion以及dozen
43、和score 直接连用。 several/five/ten hundred people hundreds/thousands/millions/billions/dozens/scores of students two/many/several dozen pens, 但在下列情况下须与介词连用 a dozen of 其中一打 two dozen of 其中两打 six of one and half a dozen of the other 半斤八两 some dozen (of) people 大约20人 some dozens of people 几十人/许多人 a/two scor
44、e of people (表达20的倍数时，由于score单复同形，所以保持不变) 20人/40人 three score and ten people 70人 基数词表示计量时，它所修饰的可数名词要用复数形式。 She is five feet and eight inches tall. 基数词hundred, thousand, million, billion作确定的数目时不用复数形式，表示不确定数量时用复数形式。, 带有数词的名词用作定语时，（带有数词的名词） 一般用单数形式。 a ten-mile walk a ten-pound note 表示“十”的数词的复数形式可以用来表示人
45、的岁数或年代。 He is in his early seventies. The book was published in 1990s. 二.序数词 1. 序数词的构成,2. 序数词的使用 序数词前要用定冠词the, 如果前面有形容词性物主代词则不用the；或者表示“再一，又一”的意思时不用the. Im the first student coming to the classroom. I still remember my first day to school. Please give me a third chair. （表明已经给过两把椅子） first, second 等词有
46、时可表示“第一（批）”，“第二个人”等，即在其本身意义后面加上了一个具体的量词。 You will be the seocnd to speak at the conference. He was the first to come to this poor country.,三. 数词在句中的功能 数词可在句中充当主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语和同位语。 1. 基数词在句中的成分 It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number. (主语) The girl is twelve years old. (表语) The shop assistant we
47、ars a ninety-nine on his uniform. (宾语) Only ten people were invited to the party. (定语) They five joined the school team. (同位语) Sitting down thirteen at dinner is thought unlucky in the western world. (状语) 2. 序数词在句中的成分 The first is better than the second. (主语),She was the second in the exam in her class.(表语) There are a lot of tables there, but I only like the fourth. (宾语) October is the tenth month of the year. (定语) Who is that man the first in the front now ?(同位语) He came second in the race. (状语) 四. 数词的一些表达 1. 倍数表达 一倍 once 两倍 twice /double 三倍或以上 基数词+times,
