1、名词解释1. Mutual exclusivity bias 相互排斥倾向A cognitive constraint in which children assume that an object is ordinarily not given two different names.2. Motherese 母式语言A form of adult-to-child speech characterized by relatively simple utterances, concrete referents, exaggerated intonation patterns, and a h
2、igh proportion of directive utterances.3. Critical period hypothesis 临界期假设The view that there is a period early in life in which we are especially prepared to acquire a language.4. Language bioprogram hypothesis 语言生物程序假设The hypothesis that children whose environmental exposure to language is limited
3、 use a backup linguistic system.5. Pidgin 混杂语An auxiliary language that is created when speakers of mutually unintelligible languages are in close contact.6. Language transfer 语言迁移In second-language acquisition, the process in which the first language influences the acquisition of a subsequent langu
4、age.7. Overregularization 规则泛化When a child applies a linguisitic rule to cases that are exceptions to the rule-for example, saying goed instead of went.8. Holophrase 表句词A one-word utterance used by a child to express more than the meaning attributed to the word by adults.9. Idiomorph ？A sound or sou
5、nd sequence used consistenly by a child to refer to someone or something even though it is not the sound sequence conventionally used in the language for that purpose.10. Coalescence 合并A phonological process in which phonemes from different syllables are combined into a single syllable.11. Reduction
6、 减少A phonological process in child language in which one or more phonemes are deleted. Also called cluster reduction because consonant clusters are often reduced, such as saying take for steak.12. Assimilation 同化A phonological process in which one speech sound replaced by another that is similar sou
7、nds elsewhere in the utterance. 13. Common ground 共识The shared understanding of those involved in the conversation.14. Semantic bootstrapping 语义引导The process of using semantics to acquire syntax.15. Accommodation 顺应A phonological process in which elements that are shifted or deleted are adapted to t
8、heir error-induced environments.16. Incremental processing 增量处理The notion that we are planning one portion of our utterance as we articulate another portion.17. Speech errors=slip of tongue 书上 P196Refer to faults made by speakers during the production of sounds,words and sentences. Both native and n
9、on-native speakers of a language make mistakes when speaking.There are two types of speech errors, one is assemblage error, the other is selection error.18. Assemblage errorsThe correct choice or word has been made, but the utterance has been faultily assembled.Eg. writtening threat letters-writing
10、threatening letters19. Selection errorsA wrong item (or items) is chosen, where something has gone wrong with the selection process.Eg. tooth hache-tooth paste 20. Psycholinguistics 心理语言学The study of the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language.21. Aphasia 失语症A language or speech disor
11、der caused by brain damage.22. Behaviorism 行为主义The doctrine that states that the proper concern of psychology should be the objective study of behavior rather than the study of the mind.23. Distinctive features 显著特征The specification of the differences between speech sounds in terms of individual con
12、trasts.24. Observational adequacy 观察充分性The extent to which a grammar can distinguish between acceptance and unacceptance strings of words. See also descriptive adequacy and explanatory adequacy.25. Descriptive adequacy 描写充分性The extent to which a grammar can provide a structural description of a sent
13、ence.26. Explanatory adequacy 解释充分性The extent to which a agrammar can explain the facts of language acquisition. See also descriptive adequacy and observational adequacy.27. Transformational-generative grammar 转换生成语法书上 P3328. Psychological reality 心理现实性P4029. Core grammar 核心语法？30. Working memory 工作记
14、忆区A form of memory with both storage and processing functions. Working memory is used to hold information for a short period of time as well as to perform various operations on the stored information.31. Memory span 记忆广度A persons memory span is the number of items that can be reliably recalled in th
15、e correct order.32. Episodic memory 情景记忆The division of permanent memmory in which personally experienced information is stored.33. Semantic memory 语义记忆The portion of permanent memory that contains organized knowledge of words, concepts, symbols, and objects. See also internal lexicon.34. Parallel p
16、rocessing 平行加工When two or more processses take place at the same time.35. Categorical perception 范畴听辨The disablilty to discriminate sounds within a phonemic category.36. Semantic network 语义网络A model of semantic memory in which words are represented as nodes and connected to other nodes by various se
17、mantic relationships.37. Typicality effect 典型性效应The fact that it takes longer to verify a statement of the form An A is a B when A is not typical or characteristic of B.38. Logogen 词汇发生Structure in the internal lexicon that specifies the various attributes (semantic, orthographic, and so on) of a wo
18、rd.39. Cohort Model 群模型A model of auditory word recognition in which listeners are assumed to develop a group of candidates, a word initial cohort, and then determine which member of that cohort corresponds to the presented word.40. Semantic priming 语义启动An experimental procedure in which one word is
19、 presented in advance of another, target word, which reduces the time needed to retrieve or activate the target word.41. Parsing 句法分析The process of assigning words into grammatical categories.42. Minimal attachment strategy 最少接触策略A principle used in parsing. It states that we prefer attaching new it
20、ems into the phrase marker being constructed using the fewest syntactic nodes consistent with the rules of the language.43. Coherence 连贯The degree to which different parts of a text are connected to one another. Coherence exits at both local and global levels of discourse.44. Anaphoric reference 回指A form of reference cohesion in which one linguistic expression refers back to prior information in discourse.45. Schema 图式(pl. schemata) A structure in semantic memory that specifies the expected sequence of envents.
