1、高中英语语法知识词法部分讲解-连词及练习一、概念连词(conjunction.)是用来连接单词,短语,从句或句子的词。连词是虚词，所以不作成分。二、连词的分类：1.连词按其构成分为： 1)简单连词, 如: and, or, but, if, because ect.2)关联连词, 如:bothand, not onlybut also ect.3)分词连词, 如: supposing, considering, provided ect.4)短语连词, 如:as if, as long as, in order that ect.2.连词按其性质分为 1)并列连词, 如: and, or, b
2、ut, for ect. 用来连接并列的单词、短语、从句或分句。2)从属连词, 如: that, whether, when, although, because ect. 用来连接名词性从句或状语从句。三、连词的用法：并列连词:1.表示并列关系的连词有: and, bothand, not only but also,neithernor和 as well as 等。1) and: 和,并且A:基本用法:“and“表示 “和“,“并且“的意思,用来连接对等关系的字和字,片语和片语,句子和句子.eg.I enjoy basketball , football and table tennis.
3、 The weather becomes colder and colder.He didnt go and she didnt go either. 他没去，她也没去。B:特别用法:祁使句后连接 and,有条件句作用,此时 and=if you, youll eg.Go straight on, and youll see the library.=If you go straight on, you will see the library.2) bothand : 既也,(两者)都A.Both A and B + 谓语 (构成的词组作主语时,谓语动词用复数) 。eg. Both Jim
4、and Kate are from England. He both speaks and writes Spanish. A man should have both courage and perseverance. 一个人即应有勇气也要有毅力。 Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。B.bothand否定句表示部分否定.eg.You cant speak both German and English. Both my father and my mother arent doctors.3) neith
5、ernor :既不也不* Neither A nor B + 谓语( 与 B 相一致, 即连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词即采取就近原则。)eg.Neither I nor he has seen the play before. She couldnt speak the language, nor could she write it.She could neither speak the langauge nor write it. He moved steadily, looking neither left nor right.The weather is mild today; it
6、is neither hot nor cold. 今天天气很温暖，不冷也不热。4) not onlybut also :不但而且Not only A but also B + 谓语 ( 与 B 相一致, 即连接两个主语后的谓语动词也遵循就近原则。)eg.Not only the mother but also the children are ill. It was noy only unkind but also untrue.5) as well as: 也; 还有A.基本用法: 常可连接两个并列的成分。 A as well as B + 谓语( 与 A 相一致) +. 。eg.Lily
7、as well as Betty was in the room. It is important for you as well as for me.It is important for you as well as for me. 这对你和对我都很重要。B.特殊用法: as well as + 动名词, 有时可译为“( 不仅)而且”, “除了还” 。eg. Smoking is dangerous, as well as making you smell bad. 1. As well as breaking his leg, he broke his arm. She sings as
8、 well as playing the piano.2.表示转折关系的连词有:but, however, yet, still,while 等.1) but : conj. 而; 相反; 然而; 除外；只有 A. 基本用法: 连接两个并列成分、并列分句。 eg. Not you but I am to blame. They see the trees but not the forest. Mary was a nice girl, but she had one shortcoming. She pretended to be angry, but she was not. Someon
9、e borrowed my pen, but I dont remember who. 有人借了我的钢笔，但我不记得是谁了。B. 特殊用法: 用在某些否语后, 表示 “ 只” 。eg. He eats nothing but hamburgers. She knows no one but you. No one but me saw her. I had no choice but to sign the contract. You have nobody but yourself to blame.2) however : adv. (连接副词)(1) 但是; 不过 eg.He said
10、that it was so; he was mistaken, however.Your composition is fairly good, however, there is still some room for improvement.(2)不管怎样（如何） eg. They will never succeed, however much they try. However cold it is, she always goes swimming. He wanted to take no risk, however small. However carefully I expl
11、ained, she still didnt understand. He knew what he wanted; however he didnt know how to get it.(3) however: adv. (疑问副词)怎样 eg. However did you know that? / However did you find it?3) yet: conj. 但是 ; 却; 尽管; 然而A.基本用法: 连接词、短语、并列句等。eg.It is strange yet true. They are the same, yet not the same.Tom got up
12、 early, yet he failed to catch the train. I have failed, yet I shall try again.He said he was our friend, yet he wouldnt help us. 他说他是我们的朋友，但却不肯帮助我们。B.特殊用法: (1)and yet : 然而; 可是 eg. Hes pleasant enough, and yet I dont like him. He has a good job, and yet he never seems to have any money.(2) yet 可与 al
13、though/though 连用 eg. Although it was dark, yet he still went on his trip on foot.yet : adv. (1) 还 (多用于否定句) eg. The moon had not yet risen. I havent enough time yet.(2)已经 (疑问句) eg. Has he come yet?” “No, not yet.” Did you eat yet?(3)早晚;总有一天 (与 could; might; may ect.连用, 表示将来还可能发生某事)eg. He may come yet
14、. The plan may yet succeed. We may win yet. She could yet surprise us all.4) still : adv.仍然; 仍旧;还 (连接副词)eg. He was very tired, still he kept on walking. He tried hard to look for it,still he couldnt find it.5) while : conj. 然而; 而 (对比两件事物,意思接近 whereas)eg.Jane is hard working ,while her sister is quit
15、e lazy. I like tea while she likes coffee.Some people waste food while others havent enough.3.表示选择关系的并列连词有:or, eitheror,whether or等。1) or: 或,否则A:基本用法: or 表示 “或“ 的意思,使用于两者之中选择一个的时候。(a)连接两个名词: eg. Would you like coffee or tes?-Is your friend English or American? -American. He doesnt like dumplings or
16、noodles.(b)连接两个形容词或数词:eg. Is it green or blue? Theres one or two things Id like to know about.2.(c)连接两个动词: eg. She may do some work in the fields or help in the house.(d)连接两个副词: eg.Are you coming today or tomorrow? Its now or never. 要么现在干,要么永远别干。(e)连接两个介词短语: eg. Are you going to water the garden bef
17、ore or after supper?(f) 连接两个分句: eg. Do you want a bath at once, or shall I have mine first?(g)连接更多: eg. The sea can be blue or green or grey.B:特别用法: 祁使句后连接 or ,表 “如果,否则“, 有转折的意思 , 此时 or =if you dont , youll 。eg.Hurry up, or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up, youll be late. He had to have a job or
18、go hungry.C. or else : 否则 eg. Hurry up or else youll be late. Be quick, or else itll be too late.2) eitheror: 或者或者 ; 不是就是 ; 要么要么 Either A. or B. + 谓语 (连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词跟 B. “人称“和 “数“的一致,即就近原则。) eg. Either you or I am right. Does either she or they like English? People who are either under age or over a
19、ge may not join the army. 年龄不到或者超龄的人注意: 由 eitheror引导的否定句是完全否定。eg. She isnt either a student or a teacher.3) whetheror:不管还是eg.She is always cheerful, whether at home or at school. Whether we go or whether we stay, the result is the same. He seemed undecided whether to go or to stay. whether or not/no
20、: 是否 eg. Can you tell me whether or not the train has left? He could not decide whether or no to return home.4.表示因果关系的并列连词有:for(因为),so(所以).1) for: conj. 因为;由于 (一般用逗号把它和前面分句隔开,它是对前面情况的解释。)eg.He is not at school today, for he has a bad cold. He shook his head, for he thought differently.He decided to
21、leave at dawn, for he had many miles to cover.。You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors. 你们一定要克服粗枝大叶，因为粗枝大叶常常引起严重的错误。 注意：for 表示结果通常不能放句首，也不能单独使用。2) so: conj. 因此; 所以eg.It was late, so I went home. It was still painful so I went to see a doctor. The child had a
22、 bad cough, so his mother took him to the doctor. 这孩子咳得很利害，所以他妈妈带他去看医生从属连词:从属连词是用来连接名词性从句或状语从句的连词。1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词有: before, after, when, while, as, till, until, since, as soon as 等.eg.After they had planted their crops, they took a rest.We have learned six lessons since he began to teach us.As soon
23、as he gets to Beijing, hell call me.A.基本用法:1) when, while, as 都表示“当时“,when 从句谓语动词既可以是瞬间动词也可以是延续性动词,可用于主从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作；while 从句谓语动词只能是延续性动词,侧重主从句动作同时发生；as 引导一个持续性动作,多用于主从句动作同时发生,强调“ 一边一边“。eg.When I came in, my father was cooking. I came in when/while my father was cooking.He sang as he walked. 注
24、意： 表示“当时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的 when, while, as, whenever。eg. Dont talk while youre eating. 吃饭时不要说话。 Vegetables are best when they are fresh. 蔬菜新鲜时最好吃。 He came just as I was leaving. 我正要走时他来了。3.2) until 用法:当主句谓语动词是延续性动词时,主从句都用肯定式 ,译为“直到为止“; 当主句谓语动词是瞬间动词时,主句用否定式,从句用肯定式,即 notuntil, 译为“直到才“。eg.Mr. Green waite
25、d until his children came back.(格林先生一直等到他的孩子们回来。 )Mr. Green didnt go to bed until his children came back. (格林先生直到他的孩子们回来才睡觉。)B.特殊用法:(1) when : conj. (a) although 虽然 ; 然而;可是 eg.She claimed to be 18, when I know shes only 16. (b)considering that 考虑到; 既然 eg. How can they expect to learn anything when t
26、hey never listen?(c) 刚就； 一 就 eg. He had just been in bed when the phone rang.(2) while : conj. (必须用于句首) although; in spite of the fact that 虽然;尽管eg.While I am willing to help, I do not have much time available. While they are my neighbours, I dont know them well.(3) 表示“在之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有 before, af
27、ter。eg. Try to finish your work before you leave. 离开前设法把工作做完。 After we have finished tea, we will sit on the grass. 喝完茶之后我们将坐在草地上。注意： after 与 before 可用作连词,又可作介词用。但是，在省略句中, after 与 before 须作介词用。表示被动时，介词之后不可用过去分词。eg.After being painted green, the house looked more beautiful. After painted green (), Be
28、fore being invited to the party, he had been looking forward to it. Before invited()(4) 时间连词 + 分词的用法: eg. When ( I was) walking in the street, I met Mr. Smith. While ( I was) waiting for the bus, I read a book. Dont speak until (you are) told to. He has changed a lot since ( he was) being in the arm
29、y. He didnt go to the party until (he was) invited a second time. 3)当表示“一就”的时间连词。主要的: as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no soonerthan, hardlywhen 等。eg. Ill let you know as soon as I hear from her. 我一接她的信就通知你。The moment I have finishe
30、d, Ill give you a call. 我一干完就给你打电话。I want to see him the minute/ the moment he he arrives. 他一到我就要见他。I came immediately I heard the news. 我一听到这个消息，马上就来了。Once you begin you must continue. 你一旦开始, 便不可停下来。I went home directly I had finished work.I recognized her instantly = the instant (that) (=as soon a
31、s) I saw her.No soon had I gor home than I smelt something burnt.Hardly had we sat down at the table when the telephone rang. 4) 表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有 since, until, till。eg.Shes been playing tennis since she was eight. 她从八岁起就打网球了。Hold on until I fetch help. 坚持一下，等我找人来帮忙。Never trouble trouble till tr
32、ouble troubles you. (谚) 不要无事惹事。5) 表示“上次” 、 “下次”、 “每次” 等的时间连词。主要的有 every time(每次)，each time(每次) ，(the) next Time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。 eg. Ill tell him about it (the) next time I see him. 我下一次见到他时，我就把这个情况告诉他。We lose a few skin cells every time we wash our hands. 每当
33、我们洗手的时候，我们都要损失一些皮肤细 胞。 4.You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。 注意：every time, each time, any time 前不用冠词，(the) next time, (the) last time 中的冠词可以省略, 而the first time 中的冠词通常不能省略。2. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词有:if(如果), unless(除非, 如果不)等。 eg. If you dont go soon, youll be late.=Unless you go soon, youll be
34、late. Do you mind if I open the window?我开窗你不介意吧? Dont come unless I telephone. 除非我打电话，否则你别来。 As long as youre happy，it doesnt matter what you do. 只要你高兴，你做什么都没关系。 In case it rains they will stay at home. 万一下雨，他们就呆在家里。 注意:在条件状语从句中，通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。不过，有时表示条件的 if 之后可能用 will，但那不是将来时态, 而是表示意愿或委
35、婉的请求(will 为情态动词)。 eg. If you will sit down for a few moments, Ill tell the manager youre here. 请稍坐, 我这就通知经理说您来了。3.引导原因状语从句的从属连词有 because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that)等。 eg.He distrusted me because I was new. 他不信任我，因为我是新来的。He didnt go to school because he was ill. As it wa
36、s raining, we went there by bus.Since everybody is here, lets begin. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.As you are sorry，Ill forgive you. 既然你悔悟了，我就原谅你。Since weve no money, we cant buy it. 由于我们没钱，我们无法购买它。注意: because“因为“语气最强, 回答 why 提问时只能用 because,其引导的从句可放在句首或句末;as“由于“,since“既然“语气不如
37、 because 强,引导的从句常置于句首;for 是并列连词,语气最弱,对前面分句加以解释或补充说明,其引导的分句常置于句末且用逗号隔开。because 与 so 不能同时使用.eg.Seeing that hes been off sick all week hes unlikely to come Now that the kids have left home weve got a lot of extra space.Considering (that) hes only just started, he knows quite a loy about it.Seeing that
38、hes ill hes unlikely to come. 因为他病了，他大概不会来了。Now that she has apologized, I am content. 既然她已经道了歉, 我也就满意了。4.引导让步状语从句的从属连词有:although/though(虽然,尽管),even though/if (即使), while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever 等。eg.Although/ Though it is a very young country, it is very rich.Even if/ though
39、 you were here yesterday, you couldnt help him.I like her even though she can be annoying. 尽管她有时很恼人, 但我还是喜欢她。You wont move that stone, however strong you are. 不管你力气多大, 也休想搬动那块石头。Whatever we have achieved, we owe to your support. 我们取得的一切成就都归功于你们的支持。Whoever you are, you cant pass this way. 不管你是谁，你都不能从
40、这里通过。Whenever I see him, I speak to him. 每当我见到他，我都和他讲话。注意:although/though 引导的从句不能与 but 连用,但可与 yet, still 连用.5.引导目的状语从句的从属连词有 so that 和 in order that(以便,为了),in case, for fear 等。eg.The teacher spoke loudly so that /in order that we could hear him clearly.He raised his voice so that everyone could hear
41、. 他提高了嗓音，以便每个人都能听见。Take your umbrella (just) in case it rains. 带上雨伞，以防下雨。She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand. 她把那些指示慢慢重复了一遍好让他听明白。5.6.引导结果状语从句的从属连词有:so that(结果是)和 so/suchthat(如此以至于)等。eg.I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去听演讲去得很早 , 所以找个好座位。I h
42、ad so many falls that I was black and blue all over. 我摔了许多跤，以致于全身都是青一块紫一块的。He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗子用力很大, 结果玻璃震破了。It was very cold, so that the water in the bowl froze.It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it.7.引导比较状语从句的从属连词有: asas(与一样),not as/so as(不及,赶不上),
43、和 than(比)等。eg.She was now happier than she had ever been. 现在她比过去任何时候都快活。I glanced at my watch. It was earlier than I thought. 我看了看表，时间比我想像的早。He doesnt work as hard as she does. 他工作不像她那样努力。I know you better than she does. He works as carefully as she. I cant run as/so fast as you.8.引导方式状语从句的从属连词。主要的有
44、 as, as if, as though, the way 等。eg.Why didnt you catch the last bus as I told you to? 你怎么不听我的话赶乘末班公共汽车呢 ?He bent the iron bar as if it had been made of rubber. 他将铁棍折弯，仿佛那是用橡皮做成的。Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。9. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词。主要的有 where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere 等。eg.The c
45、hurch was built where there had once been a Roman temple. 这座教堂盖在一座罗马寺庙的旧址。Ill take you anywhere you like. 你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。Everywhere I go，I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里，我都发现同样情况。10.引导名词性从句的从属连词有:that 和 if/whether(是否)等,它们用于引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。其中 that 不仅没不充当句子成分，而且没有词义，在句子中只起连接作用；而 if, whether 虽不充当句子成
46、分，但有词义，即表示“是否”。 eg.We know that the earth goes around the sun.(宾语从句) I wonder if he has received my e-mail. (宾语从句) Whether hell go there hasnt been decided.(主语从句)He replied that he was going by train. 他回答说他将坐火车去。I wonder if its large enough. 我不知道它是否够大。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我为是否伤
47、了她的感情而担心。注意：whether， if 引导从句的用法区别：(1)引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时，用 whether，不用 if。eg.Whether they will go to the Great Wall is not known.The question is whether we can finish the task on time.The question whether we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided.(2) whether 可接不定式，而 if 则不可。eg. I havent decided whether to leave or not.(3) whether 可作介词的宾语或置于句首表示强调，而 if 则不可。eg.Everything depends on whether we have enough money. Whether he will come, I am not sure. (4) whether 和 if 均可引导宾语从句， whether 引导的宾语从句一般都是肯定句，if 引导的宾语从句可以是肯定的，也可以是否定的（此时不能用 whether）。eg. Could you tell u
