1、1高中英语作文专题- 倒装句(教师版) 主语和谓语是句子的核心，它们之间有两种语序： 一是主语在谓语之前称为自然语序（Natural Order） ； 二是主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序（Inverted Order） 。 而倒装语序中又有完全倒装（Full Inversion）和部分倒装（Partial Inversion） 完全倒装（Full Inversion）:又称“全部倒装“, 是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。 部分倒装（Partial Inversion） :指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前,而谓语动词无变化。如果句中的
2、谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词 do, does 或did，并将其置于主语之前。 英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。 前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。一完全倒装句型here, there, out, in, up, down, now, then, away 等副词放在句首，句子需要全部倒装，全倒装句型公式是：特殊词 + 谓语 + 名词主语。注意代词主语不可以倒装。特殊词包括 up, down, here, there, now, then, in, out,
3、 away 等等。例句： There goes the bell! = The bell is ringing. 铃响了!Here comes the bus. =The bus is coming. 汽车来了。Now comes your turn to make a short speech. 该轮到你发言了。Then came the hour we had been looking forward to. 我们期盼的时候到了。二部分倒装句型部分倒装句型公式是：否定词 +助动词 + 主语 + 谓语 +，注意主语无论是代词或者名词都可以倒装。否定词包括 not, no, hardly, b
4、arely, scarcely, few, little,seldom 等等，例句：Seldom did he talk about his past.他很少谈论他的过去。Hardly had I gone out did it begin to rain.我刚出门，就开始下雨了。Not a single word did he say about this incident.关于这个事件他没有说一个字。语义解析 一、 表示强调: 倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下: 1.only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。例子: 2Only in this way can
5、 you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。 Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake. 只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。 2. hardly,in no way,little,scarcely,seldom,never,no more, no longer,not, not only, no sooner, not only (but also),not until 等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。
6、例子: No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 我刚到家就下起了雨。 Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。 Not until twelve oclock did she go to bed last night . 她昨晚十二点才上床睡觉。 3. so / such.that 结构中的 so 或 such 位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调 so /such和 that 之间的部分。例子: So unreasonable was his price that everybody star
7、tled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。 To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于那两个演员都走出去了。 以上各例都用倒装语序突出了句首成分,其语气较自然语序强烈,因而具有极佳的修辞效果。 二、 承上启下1.为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复，常用“so+be 动词（助动词、情态动词） +主语“或 “neither/nor + be 动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语“的倒装句式。 其中第一个句式表示“与前面所述的肯定情况相同 “，第二个句式表示 “与前面所述的否
8、定情况相同“。 例子: A:His brother is（not） a college student; B:so is mine.(nor is mine .) A:他弟弟（不）是大学生，B:我弟弟也是。(我弟弟也不是。) A:He used to have his further study abroad; B:so did I.(neither did I.) A:他曾去国外深造过。B:我也去过。 (我也没有。) A:One of my friends can speak three foreign languages; B:so can his wife.(neither can hi
9、s wife .) A:我的一个朋友会说三门外国语。B:他的妻子也会。(他的妻子也不会。) 2.倒装可把前一句说到的人或物,或与前一句有联系的人或物在下一句紧接着先说出来,从而使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密,起到承上启下的作用。 例子: They broke into her uncles bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他们破门进入她叔叔的卧室,发现他躺在地板上死了。一条棕褐色的蛇缠在他头上。 We really should not
10、resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remai3n. 我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。 三、 制造悬念,渲染气氛 在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,渲染气氛。 如朗费罗(Longfellow)雪花中的一节: Out of the bosom of the Air, Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken, Over the woodlands brown
11、 and bare, Over the harvest-fields forsaken, Silent, and soft, and slow, Descends the snow. 在这一节诗里,诗人就富有创意地运用了倒装。在前五行中,诗人堆砌了七个状语,状语连续出现而主语和谓语却迟迟未露,造成一种悬念效应。全节读罢,读者才对诗歌的主题恍然大悟,因而收到了不同凡响的艺术效果。 四、 平衡结构 英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,我们常采用倒装语序。 1. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带
12、修饰语较长时,为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。 例子:A.To the coal mine came a company of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners. B. A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners. 一个连队的解放军战士来到了那座煤矿,奉司令部之命解救受困的矿工。
13、A. On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities. B. Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities. 地上放着一些空调,等着用船运到其他城市去。 从例句中可看出, 采用倒装语序的 A 句结构平衡稳妥,读起来自然流畅,而采用自然语序的 B 句结构零乱, 读起来也别扭。因而 ,在主语较长时采用倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。2. 以表语开头的句子
14、:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面 ,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。例子: Such would be our home in the future. 我们将来的家就是这个样子。 3. 以副词 here , there 开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。 例子: Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在这儿。 五、 使描写生动 有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象,增加语言效果,可将表示方向的副词4(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away 等) 或拟声词(bang, crack 等)置
15、于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序( 主语为人称代词的句子除外 )。 例子: Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。 Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him 当警察把手枪瞄准那个罪犯时,嘭地一下他就从三楼跳了下去。 Boom went the cannon! 轰隆一声大炮开火了! Bang came another shot! 砰! 又是一声枪响! 以上句子简洁明快 ,生动逼真地描述了有关动作 ,令我们一览
16、此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中可以体现得更为清楚。 “Stop thief! Stop thief!” There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter,. Away they run, pellmell, helterskelter, yellingscreaming, .“Stop thief ! Stop thief !” The cry is taking by a hundred voices, . Away they fly, splashing through the mud,
17、up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens ) 作者在第一段和第二段中分别用副词 away, up 和 out 位于句首引出四个倒装句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。从而制造出一种紧张、急促的气氛 ,生动地刻画了一个紧张、混乱的捉贼场面。 倒装是英语中一个重要的修辞手段。倒装句的使用丰富了我们的语言表达,了解并掌握倒装句各种句式的用法 , 不仅会提高我们对英语语言的欣赏能力 , 对英语表达能力的提高也将大有裨益。因此,写作中适当用一些倒装
18、句式定会使文章表达更生动、有力。 结构解析 一、含有否定意义的副词或副词短语引起的倒装 某些表示否定意义的副词或副词短语位于句首，表示强调，句子要求用倒装结构。常见的这类副词或副词短语有：never， seldom ， rarely，no sooner than，hardlyscarcely barely when，no，little，nowhere，not， hardly，no longer， not until，not only but also 等等。 1、never，rarely ，seldom 位于句首，用于进行“比较“ ，句子要求用倒装结构。例如： Never before tha
19、t night had I felt the extent of my own power 2、no sooner than，hardly scarcely barely when 位于句首，表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生，句子要求用倒装结构。例如： Hardly had he opened his eyes when she told him that it was time for them to clean Scarcely had it grown dark when she realized it was too late to go home 3、在由 neither，nor 开头、
20、引导的表示“前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（或事物）“的句子中，要求用倒装结构，neither ，nor 为“否定的附和“ 。例如： The customer complained that the dining table had not been delivered yet，and neither had the chairsI could not persuade him to accept it，nor could I make him see the importance of it 5但是，neither 用作主语或主语的一部分时，不用倒装结构。例如： Neither of the
21、two books holds the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university was accepted 4、含有 not until 的强调句，如果 not until 位于句首，句子要求用倒装结构，如果是主从复合句，倒装结构出现在主句中。例如： 1）Not until the game had begun did he arrive at the sports ground 2）
22、Not until then did he come to realize the seriousness of the situation 5、其他表示否定意义的副词或副词短语位于句首，句子要求用倒装结构。例如： 1）Little did we suspect that the district was so rich in mineral resources 2）Nowhere has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in this country 6、含有“no“、表示否定意义的介词短语位于句首，句子要求
23、用倒装结构。常见的这类介词短语有：at no point（决不） ，at no time，by no means，in no case，in no circumstances，in no sense，in no shape，in no way，in no wise， on no account，on no consideration，under no circumstances，in no time（立刻） ，in vain（徒劳） ，not once，still less 等等。例如： 1）We have been told that under no circumstances may w
24、e use the telephone in the office forpersonal affairs 2）At no time and in no circumstances should a Communist place his personal interest first 二、其他副词引起的倒装 在以下列副词及连接词开头的句子中，要求用倒装结构。常见的副词有：only，so ， here，there，now，often，then ，down ，out ， in，up，hence，thus ，well，off ，away，twice， gladly，many a time 等等。
25、1、在由 only 开头的句子中， only 后面紧跟用作状语的副词、介词或从句，要求用倒装结构。例如： 1）Only by shouting at the top of his voice was he able to make himself heard 2）Only under special circumstances are freshmen permitted to take make-up tests 如果 only 在句首，但是 only 后面没有紧跟用作状语的副词、介词或从句，则不用倒装结构。 2、在由 so 开头、引导的表示“前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（或事物）“ 的句子
26、中，要求用倒装结构，so 为“肯定的附和 “。例如： John had been working hard and so had his brother 3、由 there 引起的句子，要求用倒装结构。例如： 1）The door opened and there entered a young man in a blue uniform 4、由 there 或 now 引起的句子、谓语为 come（go）的句子，要求用倒装结构。例如：61）There comes the bus 2）Now comes your turn 5、由 here 引起的句子、谓语为 be 的句子，要求用倒装结构。例
27、如： 1）Here are some good newly-published novels 2）Here is Chinas largest tropical forest 但是，如果主语是人称代词时，由 here 和 there 引出的句子也不用倒装结构。例如：1）Here we are 2）Here you are 6、由 then 引起的句子、谓语为 come（follow）的句子，要求用倒装结构。例如：1）Then come wind，hail and frost 2）Then came a new difficulty 7、由 often 引起的句子，要求用倒装结构。例如： Oft
28、en did we warn them not to do so 三、虚拟条件状语从句中的倒装 1、在含有 were，had，should 的虚拟条件状语中，如果省略了连接词 if，要求用倒装结构。例如： 1）Were she to leave right now，she would get there on Sunday 2）Were they to arrive before we depart the day after tomorrow，we should have a wonderful dinner party 3）Had he worked harder，he would hav
29、e got through the exams 2、在表示祝愿的句子中，往往要求用倒装句。常常将助动词提前或直接将谓语动词置于主语前面，表示祝愿。例如： 1）May this book in a small way help to improve your English 2）Long live friendship！ 四、让步状语从句、方式状语从句和比较状语从句中的倒装 在比较状语从句中，如果主语不是人称代词，常常可以在主语前添加助动词 do（be）代替前面出现过的动词。这时，比较对象放在这个 do（be）后面，形成一种部分倒装的形式； 1）He always spends more tim
30、e on that useless matter than do the others 2）The living standard of the people is higher than was the case ten years ago 3）The more you explain, the more confused I am. 在由 no matter how，however 和 how 引导的方式状语从句中，其后的形容词、副词应随其移至主谓语之前，而形成部分倒装。例如： 1）However hard he tried，he still failed in the entrance
31、exam 2）No matter how badly they had slept she was always up early 五、在由“soadvadj that“和“such that“引出的结果状语从句中，要求用倒装句。7例如： 1）So far does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed 2）So suddenly was the attack that we had no time to escape 3）So loudly did he speak that even people in
32、the next room could hear him 六、为了强调或突出句子的某一部分，往往可以用倒装结构。例如： 1）A very capable young man he is 2）Standing beside the table was an interpreter 七、在感叹的句子中，往往要求用倒装句。 当一个句子包含一个带补语的复合谓语，而补语又被 what 或 how 修饰时，要求用倒装结构。例如： 1）What a great project it is！ 2）How beautiful these hills look with the clouds behind the
33、m ！ 练习一、将下列中文翻译成英文。1）她这么自私，没有人喜欢她。2）只有在失去自由之后，人们才知道自由的可贵。3）他一点也不了解自己多么幸运。4）现在是我们植树的大好时机。5）任何时候你都不应把个人利益放在首位。6）这就是我们刚接到的电报。7）直到最近我才有点知道导弹是什么样。8）他声音那样大，连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见。9）我们曾多次警告他们不要这样做。10）他还没有全说完，就有人起来驳斥他的观点。二、运用倒装句型改写句子。1）Following the roar, a tiger rushed out from among the bushes.2) A tall policeman s
34、tood at the far end of the room.3) Quite a number of small hydro-electric power stations are scattered in the mountains.4) He would not give up writing his satires under any circumstances.5) A lasting peace will be established in the area only if both sides accept the agreement.6) He became confused
35、 to such a degree that he didnt know where he was.7) He spoke so loudly that even people in the next room could hear him.8) I didnt have any idea what a guided missile was like until recently.9) We do not believe their nice works, and we are not intimidated by their bluster.810) A layer of air of un
36、known thickness is surrounding the earth.11) You cannot hear so many languages spoken anywhere else in the world.12) This instrument has never been adequately tested by any properly qualified technician.13) He looked so absurd that everyone stared at him.14) She knows little of what goes on behind t
37、he scenes.15) He agreed to our plan only after a long argument.参考答案 一、将下列句子译成英语的倒装句1) So selfish is she that no one likes her.2)Only when one loses freedom does one know its value.3)Little did he realize how fortunate he was.4)Now is the best time for us to plant trees.5)At no time should you place
38、your personal interest first.6)Here is the telegram we have just received.7)Not until quite recently did I have any idea what a guided missile was like.8)So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.9)Often did we warn them not to do so.10)Hardly had he finished when someo
39、ne rose to refute his views.二、运用倒装句型改写句子。1) Following the roar, our rushed a tiger rushed from among the bushes.2) At the far end of the room stood a tall policeman.3) Scattered in the mountains are quite a number of small hydro-electric power stations4) Under no circumstances would he give up writi
40、ng his satires.5) Only if both sides accept the agreement will a lasting peace be established in the area.6) To such a degree did he become confused that he didnt know where he was.7) So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.8) Not until recently did I have any idea wh
41、at a guided missile was like.9) We do not believe their nice works, nor are we intimidated by their bluster.10) Surrounding the earth is a layer of air of unknown thickness.11) Nowhere else in the world can you hear so many languages.912) By no properly qualified technician has this instrument ever been adequately tested.13) So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him.14) Little does she know of what goes on behind the scenes.15) Only after a long argument did he agreed to our plan.
